https://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=PfombyPSIDWiki - User contributions [en]2026-08-27T02:05:46ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.0https://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Transition_into_Adulthood_Supplement&diff=270Transition into Adulthood Supplement2021-02-16T13:10:40Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>===An Introduction to the TAS===<br />
<br />
<br />
Over the past several decades, the U.S. and other countries have seen a lengthening of the period between childhood and adulthood—the “transition into adulthood.” Youth no longer move quickly from secondary education into the labor force and independent economic living. Based on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), less than 50% of individuals will form their own independent family unit before they reach their mid-20s. <br />
<br />
Scientists are becoming increasingly aware that the period between the ages of 18 and 28 years are critical for life span development. It is during this period that major investments are made in education, crucial decisions are made regarding partnering and childbearing, and careers are planned and initiated. For PSID, this means that important educational and occupational transitions are often made while young adults are still dependent on their parents and are not primary respondents themselves. <br />
<br />
The “Transition into Adulthood Supplement” (TAS) is part of PSID and may include individuals from the PSID Child Development Supplement (CDS). Although PSID collects some information about everyone who is a co-resident member of each family in the study, considerably more information is collected on the Reference Person and Spouse Partner (R-S/P). The TAS is intended to fill in the gap of time and information collected about youth experiences and the first interview as a PSID R-S/P. <br />
<br />
The launching of TAS in 2005 was motivated by recognition that these years are marked by choices, changes, and transitions that have profound life-long consequences, but would be missed by the sample design of the PSID prior to 2005. To bridge this gap, TAS was initially tied to the Original CDS cohort, which began with children ages 0-12 in 1997, and was launched in 2005 when the oldest members of the Original CDS cohort reached 18 to 20 years of age. TAS has subsequently been conducted in 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. By the 2015 wave of TAS, all members of the Original CDS had reached adulthood and were eligible for at least one wave of TAS. In 2017, TAS was relaunched to capture information on the transition into adulthood ''all'' young adults in the PSID, not just those who participated in the Original CDS.<br />
<br />
Based on current literature and theories guiding research on the adult transitional years, the TAS interview builds on the information collected from some of these young adults when they themselves were interviewed as children and adolescents in the CDS, and, at the same time, harmonized and coordinated with data to be collected on them when they are interviewed as adults in future waves of Core PSID.<br />
<br />
The <u>Panel Study of Income Dynamics</u> is a longitudinal survey of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families. Since 1968, PSID has collected data on family composition changes, housing and food expenditures, marriage and fertility histories, employment, income, wealth, time spent in housework, health, expenditures, philanthropy, and more. Over 100,000 people have ever participated in the panel, which includes up to seven generations within a family. PSID is the longest running panel on family dynamics, and is considered one of the most important data archives in the world. The PSID now is conducted biennially, primarily via telephone with data collection commencing in March and ending by December of odd-numbered years.<br />
<br />
In 1997, PSID supplemented its main survey with collection of additional data on a cohort of 0-12 year- old children in the study and their parents. The objective of this supplement—<u>the Original Child Development Supplement</u>—was to provide researchers with comprehensive, nationally representative, and longitudinal data on children and their families with which to study the dynamic process of early human capital formation. Two additional waves of the Original CDS were conducted in 2002-2003 (CDS-II), when the children were 5-17 years of age, and in 2007-2008 (CDS-III) for children in the cohort who were under 18 years of age.<br />
<br />
Within the context of family, neighborhood, and school environments, CDS gathered information about a broad array of developmental outcomes including (but not limited to) physical health, emotional well-being, cognitive skills, education achievement, and social relationships with family and peers. Each Original CDS child could have up to eight modules of data collected from three different family members (primary and secondary caregivers and the target child) and a school information source (teacher and/or school administrative data).<br />
<br />
<u>The Ongoing Child Development Supplement</u> collects data on children’s health, development, and well-being within the children’s family and neighborhood context. In 2014, CDS was relaunched to collect data from all children in PSID households aged 0–17 years. Detailed information is collected on the same topics as in the Original CDS, including time diaries, assessments of reading and math skills, interviews with children’s primary caregivers and direct interviews with older children themselves. Because the CDS is a supplement to the PSID, an extensive amount of family demographic and economic data about the CDS child’s family is collected in PSID, providing more extensive family data than any other nationally-representative longitudinal survey of children and youth in the U.S. <br />
<br />
<u>'''''Bridging the Gap'''''</u><br />
Through the Original and Ongoing CDS, detailed information has been collected on participants during their childhood and adolescence. CDS youth will eventually become the future “active panel” of Core PSID when they move out of (or “split-off”) from their parents’ home and establish an independent household of their own. Under the current design of the TAS, CDS young adults will participate in TAS data collection until they reach age 28, regardless of whether they have become members of Core PSID. When they join Core PSID, they will participate in that study every other year from that point forward.<br />
<br />
The <u>Transition into Adulthood Supplement</u> thus serves as a “bridge of information” between the rich data collected in the CDS on the years between birth and age 18 years, and the rich data collected in the PSID on the years after economic independence is established.<br />
<br />
===TAS Questionnaire Content===<br />
<br />
The TAS questionnaire comprises 10 sections, each of which represents a specific area of interview content. A summary of each section is provided below.<br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section A: Community Engagement and Technology Use'''''</u><br />
<br />
Questions in Section A focus on involvement over the last 12 months in the community including volunteering and community service, group organizations, and sports participation, as well as the type of organization and frequency of participation. <br />
A question series on technology use asks about the access and ownership of cell phones, computers, tablets, and the internet. Frequency and type of technological use is also collected.<br />
Respondents living at home or away at college were asked all questions in this section; respondents living on their own were not asked questions about when they were widowed or when they were divorced, as these questions were asked in their 2017 Core PSID interview.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: Questions A10a-A10e, which asked about internet use, were replaced by questions A17-A25, which gathered in depth information on the ownership of cell phones, smart phones, computers, tablets, types of internet use, and technological literacy.<br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section B: Family Relationships, Personality, and Mental Health'''''</u><br />
<br />
Section B assesses the individual’s relationship with his or her parents. Respondents are also asked a series of questions which comprehensively assessed adult well-being in terms of emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Questions also included measures of self-rated levels of skill in areas such as leadership, intelligence, independence, confidence, and problem solving, as well as self-rated psychosocial measures about worries and discouragement.<br />
<br />
The level of responsibility that the respondent assumes for living arrangements and money management including earning their own living, making rent or mortgage payments, paying their bills, and managing their personal finances is also assessed. Respondents were asked to rate their abilities to manage their money and solve day-to-day problems. Information about living arrangements during a typical school year and during the summer was also collected. <br />
<br />
Respondents living at home or away at college were asked all questions in this section; respondents living on their own were not asked questions about when they were widowed or when they were divorced, as these questions were asked in their 2017 Core PSID interview.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: Questions B6a-B6d about responsibility and C2d-C2f pertaining to worry were removed and questions B27a-B27k were added. These questions comprise the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a “10 item scale that measures global self-worth by measuring both positive and negative feelings about the self.”<ref>Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</ref><br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section C: Interpersonal Relationships'''''</u><br />
<br />
This section obtained information about the current marital and cohabitation status of the individual and subjective evaluations of all romantic/intimate relationships through questions about living arrangements, general satisfaction with relationships, time spent with partner, future expectations of relationship duration, and the likelihood of marriage and divorce. Information was collected on past, present, and future childbearing and fertility expectations, gender roles, biological/adopted child rearing/family values, and parenting skills and experiences. <br />
<br />
Respondents living at home or away at college were asked all questions in this section; respondents living on their own were not asked questions about when they were widowed or when they were divorced, as these questions were asked in their 2017 Core PSID interview.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: This section was revised substantially to align more closely with measures of cohabitation, marriage, and sexual behavior collected in the National Survey of Family Growth. Questions C4-C11 were added to capture detailed dating information on cohabitation and marriage, while questions C20-23, C32-C34, and C42-C43 were added to obtain information on sexual experiences and pregnancy. <br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section D: Employment, Military Service, and Time Use'''''</u><br />
<br />
Section D collected detailed information about current employment status and all types of employment and money-earning activities for the previous two years. Measures included salary/wages, hours, experience, and size and type of the employer, reasons for being unemployed and/or not working, as well as the methods and frequencies of job hunting. Moreover, detailed information was collected about service in any branch of the Armed Services, and self-rated satisfaction with military service was obtained.<br />
<br />
Information about how individuals spent their time during the past 12 months was collected including time spent on leisure activities, computer/internet use, and community engagement. Certain items from the CDS Primary Caregiver Child file were asked, permitting time-series analysis of activity patterns in organized arts and sport, TV watching, reading, and computer use.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: Question series D9a-D9h were added in connection to the 2017 Core PSID, asking questions about hours, weeks, and overtime worked. In addition, questions D77-D81 and D112-D123 were added to both TAS-2017 and PSID-2017 which asked about time spent working, shopping, doing housework, caring for children, caring for adults, volunteering, doing educational activities, and doing leisure activities, as well as stylized time use measures obtaining information on the types of activities done during work. <br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section E: Past Year Income and Financial Help'''''</u><br />
<br />
Information was collected on income earned during the previous calendar year from multiple sources, including unemployment compensation, workers’ compensation, dividends, interest, trust funds, child support, welfare, as well as financial help received from parents and other relatives for daily living expenses, larger monetary gifts, and inheritances. <br />
<br />
Respondents living with their parents or away at college are asked all questions in these sections; respondents living on their own were only asked the latter questions pertaining to financial help, gifts, and wealth because their income and business holdings information was gathered in their 2017 Core PSID interview.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: Section E was expanded to include more detailed questions about financial help received from parents or relatives for housing, education, vehicles, and living expenses. In order to reduce missingness, bracketed amounts were asked in each of these categories to obtain a more accurate value of these types of financial help. <br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section F: Wealth'''''</u><br />
<br />
A series of questions estimating the net value of automobiles, stocks and bonds, checking and savings accounts, life insurance policies, and any other assets and investments is asked. Information is also collected about student loans, credit card balances, and other debts. <br />
<br />
Respondents living at home or away at college were asked all questions in this section; respondents living on their own were not asked questions about when they were widowed or when they were divorced, as these questions were asked in their 2017 Core PSID interview.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: In Section F, questions pertaining to the Great Recession were removed<br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section G: Education'''''</u><br />
<br />
A key marker of the transition into adulthood is attainment of post-secondary educational degrees, which, in turn, feeds into work plans and career aspirations. <br />
<br />
In Section G, information is gathered about the amount, dates, and location of education, starting with high school completion or GED attainment, high school GPA, and experience with college entrance exams. Respondents are asked if they had ever attended or are currently attending college and, if not, the reason for not attending.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: This section was streamlined to coordinate with the education section in the Core PSID, asking highest grade of education, degrees, certifications, and licenses obtained, and standardized tests. <br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section H: Health'''''</u><br />
<br />
Section H includes a measure of self-rated overall health and whether they have ever been diagnosed with a series of chronic illnesses/conditions such as asthma, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, any mental health condition, and learning disabilities. Age when first diagnosed and limitations on normal daily activities that resulted from each condition was asked. The section includes a short series of questions about psychological distress (K6) during the past 30 days. These questions are also asked in the Core PSID instrument.<br />
<br />
In Section H, questions were asked about routine visits to the doctor and dentist, maintenance of a healthy body weight, and engagement in a number of lifestyle practices such as exercising, eating balanced meals, tobacco use, binge drinking, the use of illegal drugs or misuse of prescription medicines, and unprotected sex. <br />
<br />
For respondents living on their own as PSID R-S/Ps, the first part of the section was skipped and started with health behaviors to avoid repeating questions that are collected in the Core PSID interview.<br />
<br />
There is no Section I in the TAS-2017 Questionnaire. <br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: Section H included a new retrospective childhood health calendar and follow-up questions on the effects of childhood health conditions on schooling and other activities. Conditions include but are not limited to: asthma, diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, ear problems, headaches, and more. New questions on drug use were also added, including personal history and frequency of vaping.<br />
<br />
In addition to childhood health, questions about parental mental and physical health during different stages of childhood were ascertained. A set of questions on Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) were also included in TAS-2017, which collect information on childhood physical abuse, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. The ACEs questions are also asked in the 2014 Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study.<br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section K: Discrimination and Peer Influence'''''</u><br />
<br />
Section K includes questions addressing everyday discrimination, peer influence, assault, risky behavior, and encounters with the law. Day-to-day encounters with discrimination are measured by asking about frequency of experiencing specific types of discrimination. If any experience is endorsed as happening more than once a year, the perceived reason for the discriminatory experience is asked.<br />
<br />
Peer influence is assessed using a set of questions about characteristics of friends with respect to school and work-related activities, community involvement, and general outlook and attitudes about the future.<br />
The frequency of engaging in dangerous and risky behaviors over the prior six months is assessed included fighting, damaging property, and drunk driving. Incidents of arrest, probation, and jail time were measured separately through questions on when and why the offense(s) occurred. Respondents are also asked about prior assaults, and the age at which an assault happened.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: Section K added streamlined questions about the reasons behind discrimination in daily life. <br />
<br />
<u>'''''Section L: Religious and Spiritual Beliefs, Race and Ethnicity'''''</u><br />
<br />
Section L assesses current religious preferences and the importance of religion and spirituality in the respondent’s life, as well as obtaining information on race, ethnicity, and locations of ethnic origin.<br />
<br />
<u>Beginning in TAS-2017</u>: Questions on religious preference and religiosity were modified to mirror the questions in the 2017 Core PSID. The race and ethnicity question included new response options, specifically Middle Eastern or North African, and also included follow up items on origin for Hispanics, Asians, Middle Eastern or North Africans, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders. These items on race/ethnicity were asked of all TAS-2017 respondents and were new this wave.<br />
<br />
===TAS Sample===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Eligibility====<br />
<u>''Age eligibility''</u>. Age eligibility at each wave is determined by birth year. Birth cohorts for each wave appear below. Participants are at least 18 years old and no older than 28 years in in the survey year.<br />
<br />
TAS 2005: 1984-1987 <br />
<br />
TAS 2007: 1984-1989<br />
<br />
TAS 2009: 1984-1991<br />
<br />
TAS 2011: 1984-1993<br />
<br />
TAS 2013: 1985-1995<br />
<br />
TAS 2015: 1987-1997<br />
<br />
TAS 2017: 1989-1999<br />
<br />
<u>''Age Requirements''</u>. All potentially-eligible TAS respondents were identified and screened in the Core PSID interview. During the TAS interview, respondents were asked to confirm their date of birth. If, during the TAS interview, the interviewer learned that the respondent was under the age of 18, the interviewer was instructed to code the respondent as non-sample (age ineligible). <br />
<br />
<u>''Active sample status''</u>. The young adult’s family participated in the same-year Core PSID interview (either through their own interview as Reference Person or Spouse/Partner or by identification as an “other family unit member” in a household interview).<br />
<br />
<u>''Followable sample status''</u>. The young adult is a member of of the PSID Sample, meaning that they are a lineal descendant (natural or adopted) of individuals who were living in the original family unit at the time of the very first interview.<br />
<br />
====TAS Sample by Survey Year, Age in Years, and CDS Affiliation====<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!rowspan| <center>Age in years/Survey year</center> <br />
!rowspan|2005<br />
!rowspan|2007<br />
!rowspan|2009<br />
!rowspan|2011<br />
!rowspan|2013<br />
!colspan|2015<br />
!colspan|2017<br />
!colspan|2019<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>28</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>27</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|colspan|<center>26</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>25</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>24</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>23</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>22</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>21</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>Y,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>20</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>Y,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>19</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>Y,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>Y,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>18</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>X</center><br />
|colspan|<center>Y,Z</center><br />
|colspan|<center>Y,Z</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>Total</center><br />
|colspan|<center>745</center><br />
|colspan|<center>1,118</center><br />
|colspan|<center>1,554</center><br />
|colspan|<center>1,907</center><br />
|colspan|<center>1,804</center><br />
|colspan|<center>1,641</center><br />
|colspan|<center>2,526</center><br />
|colspan|<center>In process</center><br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center>From Original CDS (X)</center><br />
|colspan|<center>100%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>100%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>100%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>100%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>100%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>100%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>48%</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center> From Ongoing CDS (Y) </center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>35%</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center> No CDS Participation (Z) </center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<br />
|colspan|<center>17%</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|<center> Response Rate </center><br />
|colspan|<center>89%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>91%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>92%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>92%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>90%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>87%</center><br />
|colspan|<center>86%</center><br />
|colspan|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Study_Design&diff=269Study Design2021-02-16T03:06:54Z<p>Pfomby: /* Original CDS (CDS I-III, 1997-2007) */</p>
<hr />
<div>===Child Development Supplement (CDS)===<br />
<br />
====Original CDS (CDS I-III, 1997-2007)====<br />
<br />
CDS began in 1997 with 3,563 children aged 0 to 12 years. Up to two children were randomly sampled from eligible families, enabling sibling comparisons. Children under 18 years and their caregivers were re-interviewed in up to two additional waves in 2002 (CDS-II) and 2007 (CDS-III).<br />
<br />
At each wave, primary caregivers of children (usually a parent or other relative) and older children themselves provided detailed information about children’s well-being and development in their family, school, and neighborhood context. See the text box below for topics and domains covered in CDS interviews and assessments.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS ====<br />
<br />
CDS has transitioned from a cohort design to an ongoing panel design. Since 2014, CDS has collected information every five years about all eligible minor children in PSID. The ongoing CDS includes children from a previous wave and those who have been born or moved into an eligible family since the last wave.<br />
<br />
The 2014 Child Development Supplement (N=4,333) was the first wave collected under this new design and gathered information on PSID children born between 1997 and 2013 (age 1-17 years at interview). CDS-2014 creates new opportunities to investigate issues of research and policy relevance concerning today’s children as well as to compare their outcomes and circumstances to those of the preceding generation of children in CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
The 2019 Child Development Supplement will be the next available wave in this steady-state design. It will include information on all children age 0-17 years, including children who were born since 2014 or who were recently added to PSID as part of the new immigrant refresher sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the CDS Interview</u><br />
* Interviews with caregivers and older children<br />
* Caregiver and child standardized assessments of achievement<br />
* Child time diaries for one weekday and one weekend day<br />
* Height, weight, and body mass index for children and caregivers<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and school identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Repeated observations over up to three waves covering entire childhood<br />
· Forthcoming from CDS-2014: Genomic data and polygenic risk scores for children age 5-17 and primary caregivers<br />
<br />
===Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS)===<br />
<br />
Since 2005, TAS has collected information on transitions in schooling, work, and family formation during early adulthood and about young adults’ expectations, attitudes, health, and psychosocial well-being. See the text box below for a list of topics covered in the TAS interview.<br />
<br />
Through 2015, the TAS sample followed children from CDS-I as they transitioned into young adulthood through age 28. Since 2017, TAS includes all eligible young adults aged 18-28 years living in PSID households regardless of prior CDS or Main PSID participation.<br />
<br />
Together, the study design of CDS and TAS enables longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cohort-comparative analysis of child and young adult development and well-being in an ongoing, nationally-representative US sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the TAS Interview</u><br />
* Biennial interviews with young adults for up to five waves<br />
* Content includes education, employment, relationships, attitudes, health, and health behaviors<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and college identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Linkable to extensive data on childhood circumstances from CDS and Main PSID<br />
* TAS respondents continue to be followed after age 28 through the Main PSID<br />
<br />
===Panel Study of Income Dynamics===<br />
<br />
CDS and TAS are embedded in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the world’s longest-running nationally representative household panel survey. With over 50 years of information collected from the same families and their descendants, PSID is a cornerstone of the US data infrastructure for empirically based social science research.<br />
<br />
Annually between 1968 and 1997 and biennially since then, PSID has collected data on individuals and families that emphasize the dynamic and interactive aspects of family economics, demography, and health. When paired with CDS and TAS, the design and content of PSID enable research on the intergenerational influence of family on child and young adult outcomes and on how childhood and young adulthood shape later health and well-being.<br />
<br />
When young adults establish their own households, they become eligible to participate in the biennial PSID interview. Young adults who set up their own households are eligible for both TAS and PSID until age 28.<br />
<br />
Note that children and young adults are only observed in CDS or TAS in a given wave if their family participated in the immediately prior wave of the PSID interview.<br />
<br />
===Following individuals over time in CDS, TAS, and PSID===<br />
<br />
The young people included in CDS and TAS are descendants of sample members from the earliest wave of PSID in 1968 or sample members from PSID's immigrant refresher in 1997 or 2017. When CDS and TAS respondents reach adulthood and establish their own households, they are eligible to become PSID participants themselves. Over time, CDS, TAS, and PSID have the potential to cover the life course of individuals from early childhood through late adulthood.<br />
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<br />
[[File:CDS.png|frameless|This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.]]<br />
<br />
This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.<br />
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<br />
==== The Original CDS and TAS Cohorts ====<br />
<br />
The Child Development Supplement began in 1997 (dark blue bars) as a cohort study. Children born between 1984 and 1997 who were between 0 and 12 years old in 1997 were eligible for CDS-I. Up to two age-eligible children per family were selected to participate. CDS-II revisited study participants in 2002-03, when they were between 5 and 17 years old. In 2007, the third and final wave of the original cohort study was conducted with children who were between 10 and 17 years old.<br />
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The oldest members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2003 and were ineligible for CDS-III. Instead, they were included in the earliest waves of the Transition into Adulthood Supplement.<br />
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The biennial Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS, green bars) began in 2005 to follow CDS participants as they entered adulthood. The first wave included 745 participants who were between 18 and 20 years old. Each subsequent wave included interviews with previous respondents and added CDS participants who had entered adulthood in the preceding two years. By 2013, TAS included respondents who were between 18 and 28 years old.<br />
<br />
Year of birth determines the waves in which a youth in the original CDS cohort was observed in in CDS or TAS. In the grid, cells marked with an asterisk (*) plot the course of a child born in 1996 who was observed at age 1 year in the first wave of CDS in 1997 (CDS-I), at age 6 years in CDS-II (2002), and at age 11 years in CDS-III (2007). The child was first eligible to appear in TAS in 2015 at age 19 years.<br />
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==== Ongoing CDS and TAS ====<br />
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All members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2014. In that year, children in active PSID families who were born since 1997 were invited to participate in a new, ongoing CDS (lighter blue bar). Unlike the original CDS cohort, which included up to two children age 0-12 years per family, the new, ongoing CDS included all children age 0-17 years (N=4,333).<br />
<br />
Under the new CDS design, children 17 years and younger and their families will be invited to participate in a CDS interview about every 5 years. Sample children who have been born or moved into a CDS family since the last wave of CDS will be eligible to participate. This approach was used for the first time in CDS in 2019 (data not yet in public release).<br />
<br />
Since 2017, TAS has also adopted a more expansive, steady-state design. The biennial TAS interview now includes all eligible young adults age 18-28 years in active PSID families regardless of whether they had ever participated in CDS. This expansion adds young adults who were eligible for but not selected for the original CDS cohort; whose families declined to participate in the original or ongoing CDS studies; or who entered PSID after 1997, including young adults whose families joined through the 2017 immigrant refresher. (Young adults in the latter group are observed in TAS for the first time in 2019.)<br />
<br />
=== Studying primary caregivers of children ===<br />
<br />
The primary caregiver is the adult who has primary responsibility for caring for CDS children, usually a parent or other relative. At each wave of CDS, primary caregivers provide information about themselves, their household, and each participating child. The CDS-TAS data center supports data downloads to study the primary caregiver as a unit of analysis.<br />
<br />
In some families, children in the original CDS cohort are now primary caregivers to children in the new, ongoing CDS. This feature of the multi-cohort design of CDS offers a unique opportunity to follow today’s parents and caregivers prospectively from childhood.</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Child_Development_Supplement&diff=268Child Development Supplement2021-02-16T03:03:23Z<p>Pfomby: /* Questionare Content */</p>
<hr />
<div>===Introduction to the CDS===<br />
<br />
The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) is a longitudinal survey of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. <ref> McGonagle, K., Schoeni, R., Sastry, N., and Freedman, V. (2012). The Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Overview, Recent Innovations, and Potential for Life Course Research. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 3, 268–284. </ref> The original 1968 PSID sample came from two sources: a nationally representative sample of approximately 3,000 families designed by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan (the “SRC sample”) and an over-sample of approximately 2,000 low-income families from the Survey of Economic Opportunity (the “SEO sample”). PSID interviewed individuals from families in these two samples every year from 1968 to 1996 and biennially thereafter—whether or not they were living together in the same dwelling. In 1997, because of the escalation in costs driven by the doubling of the sample size during its 30-year history, PSID was forced to drop some families from the study. The cuts were made from the SEO sample. Between 1997 and 1999, an immigrant refresher added to PSID a representative sample of families that had moved to the U.S. between 1968 and 1997.<br />
<br />
Little information on children in PSID families was obtained until 1997, when extensive data collection began on the original PSID Child Development Supplement (CDS). CDS was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of social, psychological, and economic aspects of childhood within an ongoing nationally-representative, longitudinal study of U.S. families. Information was collected on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity.<br />
<br />
The original CDS began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families (88% of those selected). Up to two children aged 0–12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews were conducted with the children’s primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children’s mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most cases, this means that the child’s father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. <br />
<br />
In 2002/2003, CDS families who participated in the 2001 Core PSID were contacted for a second round of data collection. CDS-II successfully re-interviewed 2,019 families (91%) who provided data on 2,907 children and adolescents aged 5–18 years. During 2007/2008, 1,506 children aged 10–19 years were successfully re-interviewed (90%). For CDS-III, a completed interview as reported by either the child or the PCG constituted a successful re-interview, reflecting older children’s ability to provide self-reported information, as compared with CDS-I and CDS-II when the children were younger requiring a completed interview from the PCG for a case to be considered a completed interview.<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The goal for CDS-2014 was to collect information on all PSID children aged 0–17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort—as was done in the original CDS—to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all children in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood;the relationship between children’s characteristics and contemporaneous family decisionmaking and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the future as part of the ongoing Core PSID.<br />
<br />
The CDS-2014 sample included all PSID families that completed a Core PSID interview in 2013 and had one or more resident children. CDS-2014 participants form a nationally-representative sample of children descended from the original 1968 families and the 1997 new immigrant refresher sample. (The CDS-2014 sample does not cover children from families in which both parents are post-1997 immigrants to the U.S.) All eligible PSID children in each family were selected for CDS-2014, in contrast to the limit of two children per family in the original CDS. Fieldwork began in the fall of 2014 and continued through to the spring of 2015. <br />
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CDS-2014 was primarily a telephone interview; however, a random 50 percent of households were selected to receive an in-home visit to collect information that could not be obtained reliably by telephone. The in-home component included reading and math assessments for children (and reading assessments for PCGs), time diaries for a random weekday and a random weekend day, and interviews with children aged 8–11 years. The in-home visits facilitated the collection of other study components that were otherwise collected using a mail-out/mail-back protocol, including saliva samples for subsequent genotyping and anthropometric measurements.<br />
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The content of the new, ongoing CDS is similar to that in the original CDS. Interviews were completed with PCGs and with older children themselves. <br />
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CDS-2014 provides rich, comprehensive, and up-to-date information on a large, nationally-representative sample of children that includes an over-sample of African American children and a representative sample of immigrant children. Public use data are available free of charge through the PSID Online Data Center (www.psidonline.org), which provides customized extracts and codebooks using a detailed index of variables. Sensitive information from CDS-2014 are designated as restricted data, but are available to researchers through a data contract.<br />
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There are several unique features of CDS-2014 that will provide many important research opportunities to analysts. First, because the CDS children’s parents are also participants in PSID, there is an enormous amount of data available from previous waves of Core PSID on many aspects of their lives—as well as the lives of parents’ parents (the CDS-2014 children’s grandparents). These data can be combined to intergenerational transmission of human and social capital as well as health status. Information is available in CDS-2014 on siblings and cousins, providing unique research opportunities. Second, many of the CDS-2014 children were born to members of the original CDS cohort, providing unique opportunities to examine intergenerational connections in child development and behavior. Third, the original CDS and the new CDS-2014 will allow researchers to study cohort differences in development between children born from 1985 to 1996 and those born from 1997 to 2013, as well as differences between younger and older members of these cohorts. Fourth, as CDS-2014 children move into adulthood, they will be interviewed in the PSID Transition into Adulthood Supplement in 2017 and beyond, and will also become primary PSID respondents. The information collected in the new CDS will provide invaluable insights into the effects of childhood experiences and circumstances on later adult development and on adult social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes. Finally, the genetic markers from CDS-2014 will allow researchers to address a number of important scientific questions that span the interests of population geneticists and social scientists.<br />
<br />
=== Study Components ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!colspan| <br />
!colspan="3"|Original CDS<br />
!colspan="2"|Ongoing CDS<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan|<br />
|1997 (CDS-I)<br />
|2002 (CDS-II)<br />
|2007 (CDS-III)<br />
|2014<br />
|2019 (Not yet <br />
released)<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="6"|Survey Interviews<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Primary Caregiver (PCG) Household<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|PCG-Child <br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Child<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Secondary Caregiver<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Absent Father<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Teacher<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|School Administrator<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Child Demographic File<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="6"|Woodcock-Johnson Cognitive Achievement Assessment<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Primary Caregiver<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Child<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Time Diary<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="6"|Genomic data<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Primary Caregiver<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Child<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<div style="text-align: center;">X</div><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|colspan|Other adults in family<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Questionnaire Content ===<br />
<br />
====<u>Primary Caregiver Household Interview</u>====<br />
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The PCG Household (PCG-HH) Interview focuses on the characteristics of a child’s family, household, and neighborhood. The interview also collects extensive information on the PCG’s own psychological resources, social support, parenting stress, parenting style, and childrearing values. Unless otherwise noted, items in the PCG-HH interview were administered to all PCGs.<br />
<br />
Topics included in the PCG-HH Interview are described below. The measurement resource table in Appendix A documents the source and original author of questionnaire content where appropriate. Note that PCG-HH Interview content begins with Section J (Neighborhood Measurements). Sections A–H appear in the PCG-Child interview.<br />
<br />
<u>''Neighborhood Measurements (Section J)''.</u> Eight items assess the PCG’s perception of neighborhood quality, including residential stability, residential satisfaction, neighborhood anonymity, social cohesion, and neighborhood safety. The series appears in the questionnaire as Items J1 to J8.<br />
<br />
<u>''Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for Primary Caregivers (Section K)''.</u> The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale describes the degree of approval or disapproval toward oneself.<ref>Rosenberg, M. (1986). ''Conceiving the Self''. New York: Basic Books.</ref>The scale is widely used, with substantial documentation on its validity and reliability. PCGs reported on a series of 10 items using a response scale ranging from 1 to 4, where 1 indicates “Strongly Disagree” and 4 indicates “Strongly Agree.” The series appears in the PCG-HH Instrument as Items K1 to K10. The scale score is computed as an average of responses to these ten items and is available for respondents who have valid values on at least eight items (H14SLFEST)<br />
<br />
<u>''Childrearing Values (Section M)''.</u> Respondents ranked the qualities or traits they consider most important to prepare a child for life from a set of five choices. Traits include obedience, popularity, autonomy, a strong work ethic, and altruism. The series appears in items M3A to M3D. These items appeared in the Detroit Area Study and the General Social Survey.<ref>Alwin, D.F. (1984.) Trends in parental socialization values: Detroit, 1958-1983. ''American Journal of Sociology'', 90, 359–382.</ref>,<ref>Alwin, D F. (1990). Cohort Replacement and Changes in Parental Socialization Values. ''Journal of Marriage and Family'', 52, 347–360.</ref><br />
<br />
<u>''Aggravation in Parenting (Section M)''.</u> The aggravation in parenting scale (M4–M10) measures parenting stress that may result from changes in employment, income, and other factors in the lives of PCGs. Items M4 to M7 address parenting in general. Items M8 to M10 focus on the PCG’s feelings about his/her children in CDS collectively. In CDS I-III, items M8 to M10 were asked during the PCG-Child interview about each child separately. To reduce burden on caregivers in large families, these items were moved to the PCG-HH interview and asked only once in CDS-2014. The generated variable H14PARENT is a mean score derived from the seven items in the scale. A mean score was computed for all cases with valid values on at least five items.<br />
<br />
<u>''Work/Life Adjustments for Children (Section M)''.</u> In Items M11 to M13, PCGs reported whether they ever changed neighborhoods or employment conditions to improve circumstances for their children.<br />
<br />
<u>''Attitudes about Gender Roles (Section M)''.</u> Items M14 to M25 measure the PCG’s level of agreement with nine statements pertaining to gender role attitudes and three statements drawn from the “Being a Father” Scale. Four items measuring gender role attitudes and four items from the “Being a Father” Scale that were included in CDS I-III were excluded from CDS-2014. The choice of items to retain was guided by factor analysis using data from CDS-II and CDS-III. Variables with the highest factor loadings on the constructs of traditional marriage values, traditional mothering values, equity, and father involvement were retained. Each construct is represented by three variables.<br />
<br />
<u>''Caregiver Psychological Distress (Section N)''.</u> The Kessler 6 (K-6) Non-Specific Psychological Distress Scale (N1–N6) was designed to discriminate cases of serious mental illness from non-cases in a general population survey.<ref>Kessler, R.C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L.J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D.K., Normand, S.L., Walters, E.E. and Zaslavsky, A.M., 2002. Short Screening Scales to Monitor Population Prevalences and Trends in Non-Specific Psychological Distress. ''Psychological Medicine'', 32, 959–976.</ref> The K-6 is administered to respondents in the PSID Core interview and is also included in the National Health Interview Survey and the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, as well as in Core PSID.<br />
<br />
The K-6 includes six items about how the respondent felt during the prior four weeks. Response items are based on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates “all of the time” and 5 indicates “none of the time.” Individual items may be rescored to range from 0 to 4 and then summed to calculate a total score that is comparable to other studies. A summed score of 13 or higher indicates a potential for nonspecific distress. The generated variable H14k6_14 is a sum score computed for all cases with valid responses to all six items in the scale.<br />
<br />
The scale includes three follow-up items about persistence and impairment associated with symptoms of nonspecific distress (N7–N9).These items are administered to respondents who endorse any of the items in the K-6 series. Responses to these additional items are not required in order to score the K-6.<br />
<br />
<u>''Family Pets (Section P)''.</u> Section P includes seven questions about the number and types of pets in families and the PCG’s interaction with and attitudes about his or her pets. These items are new to CDS-2014. The source of the items is the CENSHARE Pet Attachment Scale. See the measurement resource table in Appendix A for details.<br />
<br />
<u>''Disagreement in Parenting and Joint Goals (Section Q)''.</u> The Parental Disagreement Scale measures the extent of agreement on daily activities between a PCG and his or her spouse or partner (Q1–Q5). The items were administered only to PCGs who had a spouse or cohabiting partner in the household. The generated variable H14DISAGR is a mean score derived from the five items in the scale for all cases with valid values on at least four items. Three items measure the extent to which the PCG and his or her spouse or partner have joint goals for the future (Q6–Q8). Five items measure methods of conflict resolution among family members (Q9–Q13).<br />
<br />
<u>''Food Security (Section R)''.</u> The PCG-HH interview included an 18-item version of the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module developed by the Economic Research Service at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (R1–R15). The module includes questions about various levels of food security such as worries about having enough food and enough healthy food, cutting back to conserve food, and running out of money for food. The module collects information about household (R1–R8) and child (R9–R15) food security separately. These data allow the food security status of CDS-2014 families to be defined along a continuum extending from high food security to low food security. Generated variables associated with this series include raw scores summing the number of endorsed items pertaining to the household overall (H14HHFOODR) and separately for adults (H14ADFOODR) and children (H14CHFOODR). A parallel set of items describes the food insecurity status of the household overall (H14HHFOOD) and of adults (H14ADFOOD) and children (H14CHFOOD) in the household. A raw sum score (H14FOOD6R) and a food insecurity status indicator (H14FOOD6) based on a six-item subset of questionnaire items (R2–R6) are also available.<br />
<br />
An instrument programming error present at the beginning of data collection caused some eligible respondents to be skipped out of a more detailed set of questions about household and child food insecurity. Both the household and child sections of the food security module include a first stage screener composed of three items. As designed, a respondent who endorses any item at the first stage as “often true” or “sometimes true” should advance to the second stage of the module. However the instrument programming error caused respondents to advance to the second stage only when they endorsed at least two of the three items (R1–R3 for household food security and R9–R11 for child food security). This error was corrected during the seventh week of fieldwork. <br />
<br />
Of 256 PCGs who endorsed exactly 1 item in the R1–R3 series and who should have advanced to R4–R7, 98 did not advance. Those who did advance (i.e., who were interviewed after the programming error was corrected) reported more extreme food insecurity much less often compared to respondents who endorsed two or three items in the R1–R3 series.<br />
<br />
Of 315 PCGSs who endorsed exactly 1 item in the R9–R11 series and who should have advanced to R12–R15, 116 did not advance. Those who did advance reported relatively low levels of heightened food insecurity in R12–R15.<br />
<br />
<u>''Home Environment (Section S)''.</u> The Home Environment section collects information about children’s access to learning resources and technology in the home, the PCG’s involvement in her or his children’s school and learning at home, and the PCG’s own school enrollment, employment circumstances, and religiosity.<br />
<br />
''Children’s Access to Technology.''Content on children’s access to and use of technology at home was significantly expanded for CDS-2014 to accommodate the emergence of new technologies and applications since 2007. Topics in the PCG-HH include the types and number of electronic devices in the home, including televisions, computers, tablets, and cellular telephones (S1–S8 and S14A–S14D); shared television viewing habits (S9–S10); and household rules about television viewing (S11–S13) and use of other electronic devices (S14G–S14L). This section also includes an adapted 6-item web-use skills index originally developed by Hargittai and Hsieh to measure the PCG’s familiarity with computer and internet-related terminology (S14N1–S14N6).<ref> Hargittai, E., and Hsieh, Y. P. (2012). Succinct Survey Measures of Web-Use Skills. ''Social Science Computer Review'', 30, 95–107. </ref><br />
<br />
''Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME Scale).'' The HOME Scale measures characteristics of a child’s home environment that are associated with cognitive development and emotional support.<ref> Bradley, R.H., Corwyn, R.F., McAdoo, H.P., and García Coll, C. (2001). The Home Environments of Children in the United States Part I: Variations by Age, Ethnicity, and Poverty Status. ''Child Development'', 72, 1844–1867. </ref> <ref> Bradley, R.H., Corwyn, R.F., Burchinal, M., McAdoo, H.P., and García Coll, C. (2001). The Home Environments of Children in the United States Part II: Relations with Behavioral Development through Age Thirteen. ''Child Development'', 72, 1868–1886. </ref> HOME Scale content in the PCG-HH interview includes questions about how often the family engages in specific activities together, including meals (M1), socializing (M2), and television viewing (S9–S10); the number of books in the home (including electronic books, S15–S16); and the number of books the PCG has read in the last year (S17–S18).<br />
<br />
Questions about whether the family receives a daily newspaper or carries a subscription to any magazine that were included in previous rounds of CDS were excluded from CDS-2014 because of the rapid and uneven decline in the availability of printed periodicals in regional markets during the last decade.<br />
<br />
The complete contents of the HOME Scale and the location of individual items are described in Appendix A.<br />
<br />
''School Involvement.'' Two items in the PCG-HH interview address the PCG’s volunteer activities at his or her child(ren)’s school (S19–S20). These items were included in the PCG-Child interview in CDS I-III, but question wording was revised in 2014 to solicit responses about activities at any child’s school, rather than at each child’ school. Six other items addressing the PCG’s school involvement are included in the PCG-Child interview.<br />
<br />
''Response to Poor Grades.'' Twelve items ask PCGs about actions they would expect to take in response to a child’s poor grades (S21–S30B). These items were included in the PCG-Child interview in CDS I-III, but question wording was revised in 2014 to solicit responses about expected actions in response to any child’s poor grades, rather than about each child’s grades.<br />
<br />
''Own Schooling.'' PCGs report whether they are currently attending school, and if so, the number of hours they attend school each week and travel time (S31–S31B).<br />
<br />
''Employment Characteristics.'' PCGs report whether they are currently working, and if so, report on characteristics of their employment such as number of jobs, hours worked weekly, nonstandard work schedules, and commuting time.<br />
<br />
''Religiosity.'' PCGs reported how often they attended religious services in the past year (S39–S40) and on the importance of religion and spirituality in their lives (S41–S42). <br />
<br />
<u>''Woodcock-Johnson Revised Test of Achievement - Passage Comprehension.''</u> In families that were randomly selected for the in-person supplemental interview, interviewers administered the Passage Comprehension subtest from the Woodcock-Johnson Revised Tests of Achievement (WJR), Form B to PCGs. <ref> Woodcock, R.W., and Johnson, M.B. (1989). ''Tests of Achievement'', Standard Battery. Chicago, IL: Riverside Publishing. </ref> The Spanish version of the WJ-R (Batería-R, Form A) was used for PCGs whose first language was Spanish and who elected to complete the assessment in that language.<br />
<br />
The Passage Comprehension subtest measures understanding of written text. Respondents read a sentence or brief paragraph and provide the word that is missing from the passage. Indicators of whether a correct response was offered to each item are available. In addition, generated variables associated with the PCG passage comprehension assessment include a total raw score (H14PCRAW), a standardized score (H14PCSS), a percentile score (H14PCPR), and a W score (H14PCW). For more information, see the PSID Technical Report entitled “Achievement Tests in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement,” available at [http://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Publications/Papers/tsp/2014-02_Achievement.pdf].<br />
<br />
<u>''Interviewer Observations (Section OB).</u>'' Interviewers provided structured and open-ended observations on the interviews they conducted, on the respondents, and on the respondents’ household environment.<br />
<br />
''Post-Woodcock-Johnson Assessment Observations.'' Interviewers recorded whether others were present during the administration of the WJ-R Passage Comprehension assessment and whether anything out of the ordinary occurred that might have affected the respondent’s performance (ASOB1–ASOB5). <br />
<br />
''Post-Interview Observations (Telephone).'' Interviewers recorded their assessment of the respondent’s verbal fluency, comprehension, and self-expression at the conclusion of the PCG telephone interview (PCGOB1–PCGOB5). <br />
<br />
''Post-Interview Observations (Household).'' Where families were randomly selected for the in-person supplemental interview, interviewers reported their observations about the physical appearance and quality of the dwelling and the neighborhood (PCGOB6–PCGOB19).<br />
<br />
====<u>Primary Caregiver Child Interview</u>====<br />
<br />
Throughout the PCG-Child interview, questions are tailored to specific age groups of children to maximize question relevance and minimize recall error. See the questionnaire for age and/or school grade ranges for each item and for rules governing skip patterns throughout the instrument. Child age and school grade are based on child characteristics at the time of the household screening interview to determine eligibility. <br />
<br />
<u>''Child Health (Section A)''</u>. Questions about the physical health of each child (A2–A19) are drawn from the National Health Interview Survey and from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Topics include general health status, birth weight, breastfeeding, medical care, immunization status, diagnosis of chronic conditions, asthma, and disability. <br />
<br />
Questionnaire items about birth weight are directed only to PCGs only when the child’s birth weight does not appear in the birth history collected as part of the PSID Core interview (A4–A4_KG). Where birth weight was already available, this information is provided in the CDS-2014 Demographics file (X14BWTP1–X14OS3B1 [biological mother report], X14BWTP2–X14OS3B2 [biological father report], X14BWTP3–X14OS3B3 [adoptive mother report], and X14BWTP4–X14OS3B4 [biological mother report]).<br />
<br />
Information on breastfeeding duration is collected only where a CDS child is between ages 0 and 5 years at the time of the CDS household eligibility screening interview. Question wording is identical to CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
<u>''Psychological Wellbeing, Personality, and Behavior (Section B)''</u>. This section collected, for each child, modules covering the Behavioral Problems Index, positive behavior, prosocial behavior, and sibling interaction.<br />
<br />
''Behavior Problems Index.'' The 30-item Behavior Problems Index (BPI) was developed by James Peterson and Nicholas Zill from the Achenbach Behavior Problems Checklist to measure in a survey setting the incidence and severity of child behavior problems. <ref> Achenbach, T.M., and Edelbrock, C.S. (1981). Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen. ''Monographs of the society for research in child development'', 1–82.</ref> <ref> Peterson, J.L., and Zill, N. (1986). Marital disruption, parent-child relationships, and behavior problems in children. ''Journal of Marriage and the Family'', 295–307. </ref> In CDS-2014, the BPI was administered to PCGs of children who were between ages 3 and 17 years (B1–B30). Caregivers of children between 6 and 17 years old responded to two additional items specifically addressing children’s behavior at school (B31–B32). PCGs indicated whether the behavior or trait described in each item in the series was often, sometimes, or never true of the child.<br />
<br />
Overall scale scores and subscale scores for internalizing and externalizing behavior are included in the public-use data. To construct scale scores, responses from each item were collapsed into a corresponding two-category variable and coded “1” if the behavior described was often or sometimes true for the child and “0” if never true. These dichotomous variables were summed to calculate an overall behavior problems score. For children aged 3 years and older, the overall scale score includes 27 of the items in B1 to B30 (P14BPI_T) and excludes items B23, B28, and B29, which did not load on to either of the subscale scores. For children aged 6 years and older, a second overall scale score is available (P14BPI_T29). This 29-item scale score includes responses to items B31 to B32 as well as each of the items included in P14BPI_T. <br />
<br />
Subscale scores were constructed for externalizing behavior from a subset of 15 items (P14BPI_E15) for children aged 3 years and older. For children aged 6 years and older, a second externalizing behavior scale score is available (P14BPI_E), which includes responses to items B31 to B32 as well as each of the items included in P14BPI_E15. The internalizing behavior score for all children aged 3 years and older is constructed from a subset of 14 items (P14BPI_N). Table 2.2 shows the items included in each scale score.<br />
<br />
''Positive Behavior''. The Positive Behavior Scale (PBS) measures positive aspects of children’s behavior and disposition, including self-esteem, social competence, self-control, compliance, and persistence (B33–B42). The scale includes 10 items measured on a five-point scale ranging from “Not at all like your child” to “Totally like your child.” Items remain identical in wording and sequencing to CDS I-III. Items were administered to PCGs of children aged 6–11 years.<br />
<br />
A positive behavior scale score is provided (P14POSBEH). The score is computed as the average value of the constituent items where the PCG provided at least valid responses to at least eight items.<br />
<br />
''Prosocial Behavior''. Five items from the “Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire” (B43–B47) measure children’s prosocial behavior in the preceding six months, including sharing, consideration of the feelings of others, and volunteering to help others. Response options range from 1 (“Not true”) to 3 (“Certainly true”). The scale was administered to PCGs of children between ages 3 and 11 years in the PCG-Child questionnaire. These items are new in CDS-2014.<br />
<br />
A prosocial behavior scale score is provided (P14PROSOC). Constituent items were rescaled to range from 0 (“Not true”) to 2 “(Certainly true”) and then summed. The scale score was constructed only for those cases providing a valid response to each of the five items in the scale. <br />
<br />
''Sibling Interaction''. Five items describe the frequency of helping and prosocial behaviors expressed toward siblings among children who are between ages 3 and 11 years and who have a sibling in the household (B48–B52). Items remain identical in wording and sequencing to CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
<u>''Parenting and Family Interaction (Section C)''</u>. Section C includes information about family routines, household rules, discipline strategies, parent-child discussion topics, and the PCG’s familiarity with children’s friendship networks. The universe for the items in this section varies depending on child age and grade. Many of these characterize the aspects of children’s home environments that are conducive to cognitive development and emotional support. <br />
<br />
Items pertaining to household rules were revised compared to CDS I-III in order to accommodate new response options. In all waves, respondents were asked about whether there were household rules governing a variety of activities, including where and how children spend their time, homework, and television viewing. Previously, the response options were limited to “Yes” (i.e., there are household rules) and “No” (i.e., there are no household rules). In order to better characterize how household rules are implemented, the response categories were expanded as follows: “Yes, there are clear rules and they are enforced (1);” “Yes, there are general rules and they are monitored (2);” “Yes, there are rules, but child makes own choices (3);” and “No (there are no rules) (5).” In response to feedback received when the instrument was pre-tested, two additional categories were added for volunteered responses that that the child was too young (6) or too old (7) for household rules related to a particular activity or domain.<br />
<br />
<u>''Nonresident Parent (Section D and Nonresident Parent Block)''</u>. The nonresident parent modules are administered to PCGs where at least one biological or adoptive parent is not living in the child’s household at the time of interview. Content in Section D includes whether the child has another adoptive parent, stepparent, or parent figure; whether the parent is still living, and if not, when the parent died; when the child and nonresident parent last lived together, if ever; and how often the parent and child communicate and visit. Questions are asked separately for nonresident mothers and fathers. <br />
<br />
The Nonresident Parent Block collects information from the PCG about the nonresident parent of each CDS child in the household. That is, when two children have different nonresident biological parents, the Nonresident Parent Block collects information on each parent separately. Content includes the parent’s residential proximity, whether she or he has other children and/or is married; and the PCG’s frequency of contact and conflict with the parent. <br />
<br />
Question wording is identical to CDS-II and CDS-III. However, the Nonresident Parent Block is new to CDS-2014 and was developed in order to ask only once about each nonresident biological parent whom CDS children in the household had in common. <br />
<br />
<u>''Home Environment (Section E).''</u> Section E includes information about children’s access to learning resources and technology at home and about children’s learning and social activities in the community. PCGs also report who paid for children’s fee-based activities such as arts instruction, athletics, and tutoring. <br />
<br />
The Home Environment section also includes new content on children’s use of technology at home, including whether the child has their own electronic device or devices such as a computer, tablet, or cellular telephone or smartphone (E47–E50); frequency of activities such as homework and social interaction using electronic devices (E51–E56); and recent help-seeking and help-giving associated with computer use at home (E57–E58). <br />
<br />
The universe for the items in this section varies depending on child age and grade. Many of these items are used in constructing the HOME Scale to characterize the aspects of children’s home environments that are conducive to cognitive development and emotional support. Four new items (E43–E46) measuring the amount of choice children are permitted in decisions about their activities and home environment were developed for inclusion in the HOME Scale in consultation with Robert Bradley (Arizona State University) and Pamela Davis-Kean (University of Michigan). With the exception of these items and the new content on children’s computer and related technology use, content in this section is identical in question wording and response options to content included in CDS I-III. <br />
<br />
<u>''Child Education (Section F and Schools Block</u>''). Section F collected information on the PCG’s educational aspirations and expectations for the CDS child (F2–F3) and the CDS child’s educational history and current status. Content includes whether the child attended an early intervention preschool program such as Head Start (F4–F8); age at kindergarten entry (F9–F12); recent school changes (F13); attendance at public and private schools (F14–F19); attendance in classes for gifted students (F20); classification as requiring special education (F21–F22); suspensions and expulsions (F23); grade retention (F24–F24A); school dropout (F26); home schooling (F33); participation in subsidized meal programs at school F27–F32); PCG involvement at the child’s school (F34–F38); and PCG involvement with the child’s education at home (F39–F41). <br />
<br />
The universe for the items in this section varies depending on child age and grade. Question wording is identical to CDS I-III. Response options to some items differ compared to CDS I-III due to backcoding on some open-ended responses and to keep response categories consistent with those used with similar items elsewhere in the instrument (e.g., item F15C, “Who paid [CHILD’s] private school expenses?”).<br />
<br />
In the Schools block, PCGs provide the name and location of the school where each child is currently enrolled. This information is matched to the Common Core of Data and Private Schools Survey databases maintained by the National Center for Education Statistics of the U.S. Department of Education. Numeric school identifiers are available to qualified researchers under a restricted-use data agreement. Visit the PSID web site for more information on restricted-use agreements [http://simba.isr.umich.edu/restricted/RestrictedUse.aspx].<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>''Expenditures and Savings''.</u> Seven items measure frequency, amount, and conditions of children’s receipt of an allowance (G1–G6). Eleven items measure family members’ savings and investments on behalf of children, including savings for college (G7–G13, G20–G20A). Six items describe expectations about college expenses.<br />
<br />
<u>''Child Care (Child Care Block)''</u>. For children in sixth grade and younger, PCGs describe arrangements in the past four weeks for all child care regularly provided by someone other than the PCG and his/her spouse or partner. This includes information on the type of arrangement (e.g., relative-based in-home care or child care center), the number of days and hours a child is in care each week, and the cost of care.<br />
<br />
====<u>Child Interview</u>====<br />
<br />
<br />
<u>''Race and Ethnicity (Section A)''</u>. Youth aged 12–17 years self-reported their Hispanic ethnicity (A1), racial or ethnic group (A2), and, where relevant, Asian ancestry (A2a). Response categories are the same as those used in the Core PSID interview in 2013. Respondents chose a single response category for each item. An open-ended “other-specify” field allowed respondents to mention multiple racial or ethnic identities. <br />
<br />
See the Demographic File for parent-reported information on children’s race and ethnicity for all children in CDS-2014.<br />
<br />
<u>''Ability Self-Concepts in Math and Reading (Section B)''</u>. The Ability Self-Concepts items (B2–B9) reflect two scales to self-assess ability in the domains of math and reading. The number of items in the series was reduced from 20 (used in CDS I-III) to nine in consultation with Jacqueline Eccles, the scale’s developer.<br />
<br />
<u>''Academic performance (Section B)''</u>. Adolescents reported grades earned in the most recent completed semester in mathematics and English (B10–B11), current cumulative grade point average (B12), and grades earned in eighth grade (B14).<br />
<br />
<u>''Future plans (Section B)''</u>. Adolescents (11th grade and up, including high school leavers or graduates) described their aspirations and plans for college attendance and information about college provided by their high school; and plans to serve in the armed forces (B15–B32A). <br />
<br />
<u>''Health (Section C)''</u>. This section covers questions on general health status, depression, and physical development.<br />
<br />
''General health''. Youth aged 10–17 years reported on their general health status (C1); perceived weight status (C2); recent efforts to change or maintain weight through diet or exercise (C3–C5); and general emotional health. <br />
<br />
''Depression''. Adolescents (age 12–17 years) completed the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) Short Form (C8–C17). The CDI is an assessment that rates the severity of symptoms related to depression or dysthymic disorder in children and adolescents.<br />
<br />
To protect respondent privacy, interviewers directed adolescents to read the response options for each item to themselves in their response booklets and to provide the numeric code corresponding to the statement that best describes their feelings during the last two weeks. The interviewer presented the response options aloud only where the respondent did not have his or her response booklet available.<br />
<br />
''Physical development''. Youth age 10 years and older reported on the onset of puberty, including physical appearance relative to age peers; breast development and age at menarche for girls; and facial hair growth and voice changing for boys.<br />
<br />
To present questions about physical development to youth aged 10-11 years who were interviewed in person, field interviewers handed the child an envelope containing show cards on which the questions and response options appeared. The child read each question and response options silently and then responded with the letter corresponding to the category best matching their answer.<br />
<br />
Adolescents (age 12–17 years) responded to the same questions using their telephone keypad during a computerized interview administered using interactive voice response technology (IVR, see Section J below).<br />
<br />
Questionnaire items appear in Section C for younger children and in Section J for adolescents. The corresponding variables in the public-use data file are C18–C25 and JC18–JC25. In addition, the variable series C18x to C25x pools responses to individual items across the two age groups. For example, item C18x includes responses to item C18 from children aged 10–11 years and to item JC18 from youth aged 12–17 years. <br />
<br />
<u>''Social Relationships (Section D)''</u>. Children describe how close they feel to parents, stepparents, friends, siblings, teachers, and other adults (D1A–D2, ages 8–17 years); friends’ positive and negative behaviors (D3A–D3M, ages 10–17 years); and characteristics of and interactions with family pets (D4–D12, ages 8–17 years). Content about closeness to others and friend characteristics was administered in CDS-II and CDS-III. Content about family pets is new in CDS-2014. The source of the items is the CENSHARE Pet Attachment Scale.<br />
<br />
<u>''Personality and Behavior (Section E)''</u>. This section includes modules on children’s self-esteem, perseverance, and peer problems.<br />
<br />
''Self-Esteem''. Children aged 10–17 years responded to a five-item version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale that excluded negatively worded items (E1–E5). Four of the items appeared in the original Rosenberg scale. A fifth item, “I feel good about myself,” is a positively-worded version of the statement “At times I think I am no good at all.”<br />
<br />
This revised version of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used in the 2012 sweep of the Millennium Cohort Study in Great Britain, when focal children were age 11 years. It was adopted for inclusion in CDS-2014 in place of the Global Self-Concept subscale that was included in CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
''Perseverance''. Children aged 10–17 years responded to a five-item scale measuring perseverance (E6–E10). Scale content and ordering is identical to CDS-II and CDS-III.<br />
<br />
''Peer Problems''. Five items from the “Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire” measure children’s peer problems in the preceding six months, including usually being alone, whether the child has at least one friend, whether others generally like the child, whether other children pick on the child, and whether the child relates better to adults than to other children (E11–E15). Response options range from 1 (“Not true”) to 3 (“Certainly true”). These items are new in CDS-2014.<br />
<br />
<u>''Employment (Section F)''</u>. Children aged 12–17 years described current and past summer employment, including occupation, industry, tenure, work hours, wages, and job satisfaction (F1–F20) and job aspirations (F21_1–F25). Content and question wording are identical to CDS-II and CDS-III.<br />
<br />
<u>''Computers and Electronic Media Use (Section G)''</u>. Content on children’s access to and use of technology at home was significantly expanded for CDS-2014. For children aged 8–17 years, the Child Interview collected information on the electronic devices owned by children (G1–G5), internet access (G6–G7), computer/electronic device use for schoolwork, information-seeking, social interaction, and entertainment (G8–G21). <br />
<br />
A 6-item web-use skills index adapted from Hargittai and Hsieh measures the child’s familiarity with computer and internet-related terminology (G23A–G23F).<br />
<br />
Two items measure the exchange of assistance with computers or other electronic devices between the child and their PCG in the past 30 days (G24–G25).<br />
<br />
<u>''Financial Behavior (Section H)''</u>. Three items collect information about the frequency, amount, and conditions of a child’s allowance (H1–H3, ages 8–17 years). Six items address the amount and intended purpose of a child’s own financial savings (H4–H9, ages 8–17 years). Children aged 12–17 years report on their own and their PCG’s past-year charitable donations (H10–H11). Question H11 is new in CDS-2014. <br />
<br />
<u>''Sensitive Topics (Section J)''</u>. Questions on sensitive topics were administered using interactive voice response (IVR) technology in order to ensure respondent privacy and minimize response bias during the telephone interview. <br />
<br />
Some content from Section J of the Child Interview is available only through a restricted-use agreement with the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. This content is denoted below. Information about how to establish a restricted-use agreement is available at [https://simba.isr.umich.edu/restricted/RestrictedUse.aspx]. <br />
<br />
Introductory items record respondent self-reported age and gender (J0a–J0b). <br />
<br />
''Peer Victimization and Bullying''. Four items (J1a–J1d) address peer victimization and bullying. These items were drawn from work by Kochenderfer and Ladd and were also included in CDS-II and CDS-III. <ref> Kochenderfer, B.J., and Ladd, G.W. (1996). Peer Victimization: Cause or Consequence of School Maladjustment? ''Child Development'', 67, 1305–1317. </ref> The introduction to these items was modified in CDS-2014 to include the internet as a context where respondents might have experienced victimization.<br />
<br />
''Dating''. Four items pertain to respondents’ experience with dating (J2–J4). These items were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and were included in CDS-II and CDS-III.<br />
<br />
''Physical development''. Youth aged 10 years and older reported on the onset of puberty, including physical appearance relative to age peers; breast development and age at menarche for girls; and facial hair growth and voice changing for boys. Adolescents responded to these items as part of the IVR interview. <br />
<br />
Note that questionnaire items on physical development appear in Section J for adolescents and in Section C for younger children. The corresponding variables in the public-use data file are JC18–JC25 and C18–C25. In addition, the variable series C18x to C25x pools responses to individual items across the two age groups. For example, item C18x includes responses to item C18 from children aged 10-11 years old and to item JC18 from youth aged 12–17 years.<br />
<br />
''Sexual Health and Activity (Restricted-Use Only)''. Adolescents reported on age at first sexual intercourse (J5–J7b), recent frequency (J8–J9), and lifetime number of partners (J10). All sexually active respondents report on frequency of condom use (J11); female respondents also report on use of birth control pills (J12–J13c). All respondents report on whether they have ever been tested for or diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (J14–J16a). Male and female adolescents responded to items about pregnancy experience (becoming pregnant or impregnating someone else), frequency, and outcomes (J16–J21).<br />
<br />
''Risky Behavior (Restricted-Use Only)''. Adolescents reported on the frequency of behaviors including staying out past curfew, physically harming others, damaging property, bringing a weapon or drugs or alcohol to school, and truancy (J22–J31, J34–J35). The series also included questions about contact with law enforcement, including being stopped and questioned or arrested (J32–J33).<br />
<br />
''Tobacco, Drug, and Alcohol Use (Restricted-Use Only)''. Adolescents reported on lifetime and past thirty day use of tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants, hallucinogens, prescription drugs taken without a prescription from a doctor, amphetamines, and tranquilizers. In addition, respondents reported on frequency of heavy drinking, type of alcohol most often consumed, and frequency of driving while intoxicated or riding with an intoxicated driver. Items were originally drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and most were included in CDS-III. Content was updated in CDS-2014 in consultation with investigators from Monitoring the Future, an annual study of middle and high school students designed to track trends in adolescent substance use. <br />
<br />
''IVR Interview Experience''. Adolescents responded to three items about the accuracy of their responses and the ease or difficulty of completing the IVR interview (J65–J67).<br />
<br />
===Sample===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!colspan| <br />
!colspan="3"|Original CDS<br />
!colspan="2"|Ongoing CDS<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan|<br />
|<center>1997 (CDS-I)</center><br />
|<center>2002 (CDS-II)</center><br />
|<center>2007 <br />
(CDS-III)</center><br />
|<center>2014</center><br />
|<center>2019 (Not yet released)</center><br />
|-<br />
!colspan="1"|<center>Child years of birth</center><br />
|colspan="3"|<center>1985-1997</center><br />
|colspan="1"|<center>1997*-2013</center><br />
|colspan="1"|<center>2002-2018</center><br />
|-<br />
!colspan="1"|<center>Child age years</center><br />
|colspan|<center>0-12</center><br />
|<center>5-17</center><br />
|<center>10-17</center><br />
|colspan="1"|<center>0-17</center><br />
|colspan="1"|<center>0-17</center><br />
|-<br />
!colspan="1"|<center>Number of age-eligible children selected per family</center><br />
|colspan="3"|<center>Up to 2</center><br />
|colspan="1"|<center>No limit (max. observed=8)</center><br />
|colspan="1"|<center>No limit</center><br />
|-<br />
!colspan="1"|<center>Response rate</center><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6|<center>Primary caregivers (PCGs)</center><br />
|-<br />
!colspan="1"|<center>PCG Household interview</center><br />
|<center>1,536</center><br />
|<center>2,009</center><br />
|<center>1,250</center><br />
|<center>2,517</center><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Cognitive achievement assessment</center><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Genomic data</center><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Other (secondary) Caregiver (OCG) interview</center><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6|<center>Children</center><br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Primary Caregiver Child interview</center><br />
|<center>3,563</center><br />
|<center>2,907</center><br />
|<center>1,608</center><br />
|<center>4,314</center><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6|<center>Child interview</center><br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Sample size/Age eligibility (years)</center><br />
|<center>Assessments only/3-12 (in-person)</center><br />
|<center>2,182/10-17 (in-person)</center><br />
|<center>1,506/10-17 (in-person)</center><br />
|<center>1,508/8-11 (in person) 12-17 (telephone)</center><br />
|<center>8-11 (in person) 12-17 (telephone)</center><br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Cognitive achievement assessment (3 years and older)</center><br />
|<center>2,228</center><br />
|<center>2,644</center><br />
|<center>1,506</center><br />
|<center>1,498</center><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Time diary (all ages)</center><br />
|<br />
|<center>2,569</center><br />
|<center>1,442</center><br />
|<center>1,566</center><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Demographic file</center><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<center>4,333</center><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=1|<center>Genomic data (5 years and older)</center><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Born after original CDS sample was selected (not eligible for original CDS)<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Study_Design&diff=242Study Design2021-02-08T21:37:39Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Child Development Supplement (CDS)===<br />
<br />
====Original CDS (CDS I-III, 1997-2007)====<br />
<br />
CDS began in 1997 with 3,653 children aged 0 to 12 years. Up to two children were randomly sampled from eligible families, enabling sibling comparisons. Children under 18 years and their caregivers were re-interviewed in up to two additional waves in 2002 (CDS-II) and 2007 (CDS-III).<br />
<br />
At each wave, primary caregivers of children (usually a parent or other relative) and older children themselves provided detailed information about children’s well-being and development in their family, school, and neighborhood context. See the text box below for topics and domains covered in CDS interviews and assessments.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS ====<br />
<br />
CDS has transitioned from a cohort design to an ongoing panel design. Since 2014, CDS has collected information every five years about all eligible minor children in PSID. The ongoing CDS includes children from a previous wave and those who have been born or moved into an eligible family since the last wave.<br />
<br />
The 2014 Child Development Supplement (N=4,333) was the first wave collected under this new design and gathered information on PSID children born between 1997 and 2013 (age 1-17 years at interview). CDS-2014 creates new opportunities to investigate issues of research and policy relevance concerning today’s children as well as to compare their outcomes and circumstances to those of the preceding generation of children in CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
The 2019 Child Development Supplement will be the next available wave in this steady-state design. It will include information on all children age 0-17 years, including children who were born since 2014 or who were recently added to PSID as part of the new immigrant refresher sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the CDS Interview</u><br />
* Interviews with caregivers and older children<br />
* Caregiver and child standardized assessments of achievement<br />
* Child time diaries for one weekday and one weekend day<br />
* Height, weight, and body mass index for children and caregivers<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and school identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Repeated observations over up to three waves covering entire childhood<br />
· Forthcoming from CDS-2014: Genomic data and polygenic risk scores for children age 5-17 and primary caregivers<br />
<br />
===Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS)===<br />
<br />
Since 2005, TAS has collected information on transitions in schooling, work, and family formation during early adulthood and about young adults’ expectations, attitudes, health, and psychosocial well-being. See the text box below for a list of topics covered in the TAS interview.<br />
<br />
Through 2015, the TAS sample followed children from CDS-I as they transitioned into young adulthood through age 28. Since 2017, TAS includes all eligible young adults aged 18-28 years living in PSID households regardless of prior CDS or Main PSID participation.<br />
<br />
Together, the study design of CDS and TAS enables longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cohort-comparative analysis of child and young adult development and well-being in an ongoing, nationally-representative US sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the TAS Interview</u><br />
* Biennial interviews with young adults for up to five waves<br />
* Content includes education, employment, relationships, attitudes, health, and health behaviors<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and college identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Linkable to extensive data on childhood circumstances from CDS and Main PSID<br />
* TAS respondents continue to be followed after age 28 through the Main PSID<br />
<br />
===Panel Study of Income Dynamics===<br />
<br />
CDS and TAS are embedded in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the world’s longest-running nationally representative household panel survey. With over 50 years of information collected from the same families and their descendants, PSID is a cornerstone of the US data infrastructure for empirically based social science research.<br />
<br />
Annually between 1968 and 1997 and biennially since then, PSID has collected data on individuals and families that emphasize the dynamic and interactive aspects of family economics, demography, and health. When paired with CDS and TAS, the design and content of PSID enable research on the intergenerational influence of family on child and young adult outcomes and on how childhood and young adulthood shape later health and well-being.<br />
<br />
When young adults establish their own households, they become eligible to participate in the biennial PSID interview. Young adults who set up their own households are eligible for both TAS and PSID until age 28.<br />
<br />
Note that children and young adults are only observed in CDS or TAS in a given wave if their family participated in the immediately prior wave of the PSID interview.<br />
<br />
===Following individuals over time in CDS, TAS, and PSID===<br />
<br />
The young people included in CDS and TAS are descendants of sample members from the earliest wave of PSID in 1968 or sample members from PSID's immigrant refresher in 1997 or 2017. When CDS and TAS respondents reach adulthood and establish their own households, they are eligible to become PSID participants themselves. Over time, CDS, TAS, and PSID have the potential to cover the life course of individuals from early childhood through late adulthood.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:CDS.png|frameless|This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.]]<br />
<br />
This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.<br />
<br />
<br />
==== The Original CDS and TAS Cohorts ====<br />
<br />
The Child Development Supplement began in 1997 (dark blue bars) as a cohort study. Children born between 1984 and 1997 who were between 0 and 12 years old in 1997 were eligible for CDS-I. Up to two age-eligible children per family were selected to participate. CDS-II revisited study participants in 2002-03, when they were between 5 and 17 years old. In 2007, the third and final wave of the original cohort study was conducted with children who were between 10 and 17 years old.<br />
<br />
The oldest members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2003 and were ineligible for CDS-III. Instead, they were included in the earliest waves of the Transition into Adulthood Supplement.<br />
<br />
The biennial Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS, green bars) began in 2005 to follow CDS participants as they entered adulthood. The first wave included 745 participants who were between 18 and 20 years old. Each subsequent wave included interviews with previous respondents and added CDS participants who had entered adulthood in the preceding two years. By 2013, TAS included respondents who were between 18 and 28 years old.<br />
<br />
Year of birth determines the waves in which a youth in the original CDS cohort was observed in in CDS or TAS. In the grid, cells marked with an asterisk (*) plot the course of a child born in 1996 who was observed at age 1 year in the first wave of CDS in 1997 (CDS-I), at age 6 years in CDS-II (2002), and at age 11 years in CDS-III (2007). The child was first eligible to appear in TAS in 2015 at age 19 years.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS and TAS ====<br />
<br />
All members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2014. In that year, children in active PSID families who were born since 1997 were invited to participate in a new, ongoing CDS (lighter blue bar). Unlike the original CDS cohort, which included up to two children age 0-12 years per family, the new, ongoing CDS included all children age 0-17 years (N=4,333).<br />
<br />
Under the new CDS design, children 17 years and younger and their families will be invited to participate in a CDS interview about every 5 years. Sample children who have been born or moved into a CDS family since the last wave of CDS will be eligible to participate. This approach was used for the first time in CDS in 2019 (data not yet in public release).<br />
<br />
Since 2017, TAS has also adopted a more expansive, steady-state design. The biennial TAS interview now includes all eligible young adults age 18-28 years in active PSID families regardless of whether they had ever participated in CDS. This expansion adds young adults who were eligible for but not selected for the original CDS cohort; whose families declined to participate in the original or ongoing CDS studies; or who entered PSID after 1997, including young adults whose families joined through the 2017 immigrant refresher. (Young adults in the latter group are observed in TAS for the first time in 2019.)<br />
<br />
=== Studying primary caregivers of children ===<br />
<br />
The primary caregiver is the adult who has primary responsibility for caring for CDS children, usually a parent or other relative. At each wave of CDS, primary caregivers provide information about themselves, their household, and each participating child. The CDS-TAS data center supports data downloads to study the primary caregiver as a unit of analysis.<br />
<br />
In some families, children in the original CDS cohort are now primary caregivers to children in the new, ongoing CDS. This feature of the multi-cohort design of CDS offers a unique opportunity to follow today’s parents and caregivers prospectively from childhood.</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Study_Design&diff=241Study Design2021-02-08T21:25:53Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Child Development Supplement (CDS)===<br />
<br />
====Original CDS (CDS I-III, 1997-2007)====<br />
<br />
CDS began in 1997 with 3,653 children aged 0 to 12 years. Up to two children were randomly sampled from eligible families, enabling sibling comparisons. Children under 18 years and their caregivers were re-interviewed in up to two additional waves in 2002 (CDS-II) and 2007 (CDS-III).<br />
<br />
At each wave, primary caregivers of children (usually a parent or other relative) and older children themselves provided detailed information about children’s well-being and development in their family, school, and neighborhood context. See the text box below for topics and domains covered in CDS interviews and assessments.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS ====<br />
<br />
CDS has transitioned from a cohort design to an ongoing panel design. Since 2014, CDS has collected information every five years about all eligible minor children in PSID. The ongoing CDS includes children from a previous wave and those who have been born or moved into an eligible family since the last wave.<br />
<br />
The 2014 Child Development Supplement (N=4,333) was the first wave collected under this new design and gathered information on PSID children born between 1997 and 2013 (age 1-17 years at interview). CDS-2014 creates new opportunities to investigate issues of research and policy relevance concerning today’s children as well as to compare their outcomes and circumstances to those of the preceding generation of children in CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
The 2019 Child Development Supplement will be the next available wave in this steady-state design. It will include information on all children age 0-17 years, including children who were born since 2014 or who were recently added to PSID as part of the new immigrant refresher sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the CDS Interview</u><br />
* Interviews with caregivers and older children<br />
* Caregiver and child standardized assessments of achievement<br />
* Child time diaries for one weekday and one weekend day<br />
* Height, weight, and body mass index for children and caregivers<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and school identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Repeated observations over up to three waves covering entire childhood<br />
· Forthcoming from CDS-2014: Genomic data and polygenic risk scores for children age 5-17 and primary caregivers<br />
<br />
===Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS)===<br />
<br />
Since 2005, TAS has collected information on transitions in schooling, work, and family formation during early adulthood and about young adults’ expectations, attitudes, health, and psychosocial well-being. See the text box below for a list of topics covered in the TAS interview.<br />
<br />
Through 2015, the TAS sample followed children from CDS-I as they transitioned into young adulthood through age 28. Since 2017, TAS includes all eligible young adults aged 18-28 years living in PSID households regardless of prior CDS or Main PSID participation.<br />
<br />
Together, the study design of CDS and TAS enables longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cohort-comparative analysis of child and young adult development and well-being in an ongoing, nationally-representative US sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the TAS Interview</u><br />
* Biennial interviews with young adults for up to five waves<br />
* Content includes education, employment, relationships, attitudes, health, and health behaviors<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and college identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Linkable to extensive data on childhood circumstances from CDS and Main PSID<br />
* TAS respondents continue to be followed after age 28 through the Main PSID<br />
<br />
===Embedded in the world’s longest-running household panel study===<br />
<br />
CDS and TAS are embedded in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the world’s longest-running nationally representative household panel survey. With over 50 years of information collected from the same families and their descendants, PSID is a cornerstone of the US data infrastructure for empirically based social science research.<br />
<br />
Annually between 1968 and 1997 and biennially since then, PSID has collected data on individuals and families that emphasize the dynamic and interactive aspects of family economics, demography, and health. When paired with CDS and TAS, the design and content of PSID enable research on the intergenerational influence of family on child and young adult outcomes and on how childhood and young adulthood shape later health and well-being.<br />
<br />
When young adults establish their own households, they become eligible to participate in the biennial PSID interview. Young adults who set up their own households are eligible for both TAS and PSID until age 28.<br />
<br />
Note that children and young adults are only observed in CDS or TAS in a given wave if their family participated in the immediately prior wave of the PSID interview.<br />
<br />
===Following individuals over time in CDS, TAS, and PSID===<br />
<br />
The young people included in CDS and TAS are descendants of sample members from the earliest wave of PSID in 1968 or sample members from PSID's immigrant refresher in 1997 or 2017. When CDS and TAS respondents reach adulthood and establish their own households, they are eligible to become PSID participants themselves. Over time, CDS, TAS, and PSID have the potential to cover the life course of individuals from early childhood through late adulthood.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:CDS.png|frameless|This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.]]<br />
<br />
This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.<br />
<br />
<br />
==== The Original CDS and TAS Cohorts ====<br />
<br />
The Child Development Supplement began in 1997 (dark blue bars) as a cohort study. Children born between 1984 and 1997 who were between 0 and 12 years old in 1997 were eligible for CDS-I. Up to two age-eligible children per family were selected to participate. CDS-II revisited study participants in 2002-03, when they were between 5 and 17 years old. In 2007, the third and final wave of the original cohort study was conducted with children who were between 10 and 17 years old.<br />
<br />
The oldest members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2003 and were ineligible for CDS-III. Instead, they were included in the earliest waves of the Transition into Adulthood Supplement.<br />
<br />
The biennial Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS, green bars) began in 2005 to follow CDS participants as they entered adulthood. The first wave included 745 participants who were between 18 and 20 years old. Each subsequent wave included interviews with previous respondents and added CDS participants who had entered adulthood in the preceding two years. By 2013, TAS included respondents who were between 18 and 28 years old.<br />
<br />
Year of birth determines the waves in which a youth in the original CDS cohort was observed in in CDS or TAS. In the grid, cells marked with an asterisk (*) plot the course of a child born in 1996 who was observed at age 1 year in the first wave of CDS in 1997 (CDS-I), at age 6 years in CDS-II (2002), and at age 11 years in CDS-III (2007). The child was first eligible to appear in TAS in 2015 at age 19 years.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS and TAS ====<br />
<br />
All members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2014. In that year, children in active PSID families who were born since 1997 were invited to participate in a new, ongoing CDS (lighter blue bar). Unlike the original CDS cohort, which included up to two children age 0-12 years per family, the new, ongoing CDS included all children age 0-17 years (N=4,333).<br />
<br />
Under the new CDS design, children 17 years and younger and their families will be invited to participate in a CDS interview about every 5 years. Sample children who have been born or moved into a CDS family since the last wave of CDS will be eligible to participate. This approach was used for the first time in CDS in 2019 (data not yet in public release).<br />
<br />
Since 2017, TAS has also adopted a more expansive, steady-state design. The biennial TAS interview now includes all eligible young adults age 18-28 years in active PSID families regardless of whether they had ever participated in CDS. This expansion adds young adults who were eligible for but not selected for the original CDS cohort; whose families declined to participate in the original or ongoing CDS studies; or who entered PSID after 1997, including young adults whose families joined through the 2017 immigrant refresher. (Young adults in the latter group are observed in TAS for the first time in 2019.)<br />
<br />
=== Studying primary caregivers of children ===<br />
<br />
The primary caregiver is the adult who has primary responsibility for caring for CDS children, usually a parent or other relative. At each wave of CDS, primary caregivers provide information about themselves, their household, and each participating child. The CDS-TAS data center supports data downloads to study the primary caregiver as a unit of analysis.<br />
<br />
In some families, children in the original CDS cohort are now primary caregivers to children in the new, ongoing CDS. This feature of the multi-cohort design of CDS offers a unique opportunity to follow today’s parents and caregivers prospectively from childhood.</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Study_Design&diff=190Study Design2021-01-25T21:44:11Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Child Development Supplement (CDS)===<br />
<br />
====Original CDS (CDS I-III, 1997-2007)====<br />
<br />
CDS began in 1997 with 3,653 children aged 0 to 12 years. Up to two children were randomly sampled from eligible families, enabling sibling comparisons. Children under 18 years and their caregivers were re-interviewed in up to two additional waves in 2002 (CDS-II) and 2007 (CDS-III).<br />
<br />
At each wave, primary caregivers of children (usually a parent or other relative) and older children themselves provided detailed information about children’s well-being and development in their family, school, and neighborhood context. See the text box below for topics and domains covered in CDS interviews and assessments.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS ====<br />
<br />
CDS has transitioned from a cohort design to an ongoing panel design. Since 2014, CDS has collected information every five years about all eligible minor children in PSID. The ongoing CDS includes children from a previous wave and those who have been born or moved into an eligible family since the last wave.<br />
<br />
The 2014 Child Development Supplement (N=4,333) was the first wave collected under this new design and gathered information on PSID children born between 1997 and 2013 (age 1-17 years at interview). CDS-2014 creates new opportunities to investigate issues of research and policy relevance concerning today’s children as well as to compare their outcomes and circumstances to those of the preceding generation of children in CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
The 2019 Child Development Supplement will be the next available wave in this steady-state design. It will include information on all children age 0-17 years, including children who were born since 2014 or who were recently added to PSID as part of the new immigrant refresher sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the CDS Interview</u><br />
* Interviews with caregivers and older children<br />
* Caregiver and child standardized assessments of achievement<br />
* Child time diaries for one weekday and one weekend day<br />
* Height, weight, and body mass index for children and caregivers<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and school identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Repeated observations over up to three waves covering entire childhood<br />
· Forthcoming from CDS-2014: Genomic data and polygenic risk scores for children age 5-17 and primary caregivers<br />
<br />
===Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS)===<br />
<br />
Since 2005, TAS has collected information on transitions in schooling, work, and family formation during early adulthood and about young adults’ expectations, attitudes, health, and psychosocial well-being. See the text box below for a list of topics covered in the TAS interview.<br />
<br />
Through 2015, the TAS sample followed children from CDS-I as they transitioned into young adulthood through age 28. Since 2017, TAS includes all eligible young adults aged 18-28 years living in PSID households regardless of prior CDS or Main PSID participation.<br />
<br />
Together, the study design of CDS and TAS enables longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cohort-comparative analysis of child and young adult development and well-being in an ongoing, nationally-representative US sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the TAS Interview</u><br />
* Biennial interviews with young adults for up to five waves<br />
* Content includes education, employment, relationships, attitudes, health, and health behaviors<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and college identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Linkable to extensive data on childhood circumstances from CDS and Main PSID<br />
* TAS respondents continue to be followed after age 28 through the Main PSID<br />
<br />
===Embedded in the World’s Longest-running Household Panel Study===<br />
<br />
CDS and TAS are embedded in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the world’s longest-running nationally representative household panel survey. With over 50 years of information collected from the same families and their descendants, PSID is a cornerstone of the US data infrastructure for empirically based social science research.<br />
<br />
Annually between 1968 and 1997 and biennially since then, PSID has collected data on individuals and families that emphasize the dynamic and interactive aspects of family economics, demography, and health. When paired with CDS and TAS, the design and content of PSID enable research on the intergenerational influence of family on child and young adult outcomes and on how childhood and young adulthood shape later health and well-being.<br />
<br />
When young adults establish their own households, they become eligible to participate in the biennial PSID interview. Young adults who set up their own households are eligible for both TAS and PSID until age 28.<br />
<br />
Note that children and young adults are only observed in CDS or TAS in a given wave if their family participated in the immediately prior wave of the PSID interview.<br />
<br />
===Following individuals over time in CDS, TAS, and PSID===<br />
<br />
The young people included in CDS and TAS are descendants of sample members from the earliest wave of PSID in 1968 or sample members from PSID's immigrant refresher in 1997 or 2017. When CDS and TAS respondents reach adulthood and establish their own households, they are eligible to become PSID participants themselves. Over time, CDS, TAS, and PSID have the potential to cover the life course of individuals from early childhood through late adulthood.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:CDS-TAS-Lexis.pdf|link=Main Page|caption]]<br />
<br />
This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.<br />
<br />
<br />
==== The Original CDS and TAS Cohorts ====<br />
<br />
The Child Development Supplement began in 1997 (dark blue bars) as a cohort study. Children born between 1984 and 1997 who were between 0 and 12 years old in 1997 were eligible for CDS-I. Up to two age-eligible children per family were selected to participate. CDS-II revisited study participants in 2002-03, when they were between 5 and 17 years old. In 2007, the third and final wave of the original cohort study was conducted with children who were between 10 and 17 years old.<br />
<br />
The oldest members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2003 and were ineligible for CDS-III. Instead, they were included in the earliest waves of the Transition into Adulthood Supplement.<br />
<br />
The biennial Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS, green bars) began in 2005 to follow CDS participants as they entered adulthood. The first wave included 745 participants who were between 18 and 20 years old. Each subsequent wave included interviews with previous respondents and added CDS participants who had entered adulthood in the preceding two years. By 2013, TAS included respondents who were between 18 and 28 years old.<br />
<br />
Year of birth determines the waves in which a youth in the original CDS cohort was observed in in CDS or TAS. In the grid, cells marked with an asterisk (*) plot the course of a child born in 1996 who was observed at age 1 year in the first wave of CDS in 1997 (CDS-I), at age 6 years in CDS-II (2002), and at age 11 years in CDS-III (2007). The child was first eligible to appear in TAS in 2015 at age 19 years.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS and TAS ====<br />
<br />
All members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2014. In that year, children in active PSID families who were born since 1997 were invited to participate in a new, ongoing CDS (lighter blue bar). Unlike the original CDS cohort, which included up to two children age 0-12 years per family, the new, ongoing CDS included all children age 0-17 years (N=4,333).<br />
<br />
Under the new CDS design, children 17 years and younger and their families will be invited to participate in a CDS interview about every 5 years. Sample children who have been born or moved into a CDS family since the last wave of CDS will be eligible to participate. This approach was used for the first time in CDS in 2019 (data not yet in public release).<br />
<br />
Since 2017, TAS has also adopted a more expansive, steady-state design. The biennial TAS interview now includes all eligible young adults age 18-28 years in active PSID families regardless of whether they had ever participated in CDS. This expansion adds young adults who were eligible for but not selected for the original CDS cohort; whose families declined to participate in the original or ongoing CDS studies; or who entered PSID after 1997, including young adults whose families joined through the 2017 immigrant refresher. (Young adults in the latter group are observed in TAS for the first time in 2019.)<br />
<br />
=== Studying primary caregivers of children ===<br />
<br />
The primary caregiver is the adult who has primary responsibility for caring for CDS children, usually a parent or other relative. At each wave of CDS, primary caregivers provide information about themselves, their household, and each participating child. The CDS-TAS data center supports data downloads to study the primary caregiver as a unit of analysis.<br />
<br />
In some families, children in the original CDS cohort are now primary caregivers to children in the new, ongoing CDS. This feature of the multi-cohort design of CDS offers a unique opportunity to follow today’s parents and caregivers prospectively from childhood.</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Study_Design&diff=189Study Design2021-01-25T21:41:57Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Child Development Supplement (CDS)===<br />
<br />
====Original CDS (CDS I-III, 1997-2007)====<br />
<br />
CDS began in 1997 with 3,653 children aged 0 to 12 years. Up to two children were randomly sampled from eligible families, enabling sibling comparisons. Children under 18 years and their caregivers were re-interviewed in up to two additional waves in 2002 (CDS-II) and 2007 (CDS-III).<br />
<br />
At each wave, primary caregivers of children (usually a parent or other relative) and older children themselves provided detailed information about children’s well-being and development in their family, school, and neighborhood context. See the text box below for topics and domains covered in CDS interviews and assessments.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS ====<br />
<br />
CDS has transitioned from a cohort design to an ongoing panel design. Since 2014, CDS has collected information every five years about all eligible minor children in PSID. The ongoing CDS includes children from a previous wave and those who have been born or moved into an eligible family since the last wave.<br />
<br />
The 2014 Child Development Supplement (N=4,333) was the first wave collected under this new design and gathered information on PSID children born between 1997 and 2013 (age 1-17 years at interview). CDS-2014 creates new opportunities to investigate issues of research and policy relevance concerning today’s children as well as to compare their outcomes and circumstances to those of the preceding generation of children in CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
The 2019 Child Development Supplement will be the next available wave in this steady-state design. It will include information on all children age 0-17 years, including children who were born since 2014 or who were recently added to PSID as part of the new immigrant refresher sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the CDS Interview</u><br />
* Interviews with caregivers and older children<br />
* Caregiver and child standardized assessments of achievement<br />
* Child time diaries for one weekday and one weekend day<br />
* Height, weight, and body mass index for children and caregivers<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and school identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Repeated observations over up to three waves covering entire childhood<br />
· Forthcoming from CDS-2014: Genomic data and polygenic risk scores for children age 5-17 and primary caregivers<br />
<br />
===Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS)===<br />
<br />
Since 2005, TAS has collected information on transitions in schooling, work, and family formation during early adulthood and about young adults’ expectations, attitudes, health, and psychosocial well-being. See the text box below for a list of topics covered in the TAS interview.<br />
<br />
Through 2015, the TAS sample followed children from CDS-I as they transitioned into young adulthood through age 28. Since 2017, TAS includes all eligible young adults aged 18-28 years living in PSID households regardless of prior CDS or Main PSID participation.<br />
<br />
Together, the study design of CDS and TAS enables longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cohort-comparative analysis of child and young adult development and well-being in an ongoing, nationally-representative US sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the TAS Interview</u><br />
* Biennial interviews with young adults for up to five waves<br />
* Content includes education, employment, relationships, attitudes, health, and health behaviors<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and college identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Linkable to extensive data on childhood circumstances from CDS and Main PSID<br />
* TAS respondents continue to be followed after age 28 through the Main PSID<br />
<br />
===Embedded in the World’s Longest-running Household Panel Study===<br />
<br />
CDS and TAS are embedded in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the world’s longest-running nationally representative household panel survey. With over 50 years of information collected from the same families and their descendants, PSID is a cornerstone of the US data infrastructure for empirically based social science research.<br />
<br />
Annually between 1968 and 1997 and biennially since then, PSID has collected data on individuals and families that emphasize the dynamic and interactive aspects of family economics, demography, and health. When paired with CDS and TAS, the design and content of PSID enable research on the intergenerational influence of family on child and young adult outcomes and on how childhood and young adulthood shape later health and well-being.<br />
<br />
When young adults establish their own households, they become eligible to participate in the biennial PSID interview. Young adults who set up their own households are eligible for both TAS and PSID until age 28.<br />
<br />
Note that children and young adults are only observed in CDS or TAS in a given wave if their family participated in the immediately prior wave of the PSID interview.<br />
<br />
===Following individuals over time in CDS, TAS, and PSID===<br />
<br />
The young people included in CDS and TAS are descendants of sample members from the earliest wave of PSID in 1968 or sample members from PSID's immigrant refresher in 1997 or 2017. When CDS and TAS respondents reach adulthood and establish their own households, they are eligible to become PSID participants themselves. Over time, CDS, TAS, and PSID have the potential to cover the life course of individuals from early childhood through late adulthood.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:CDS-TAS-Lexis.pdf|link=Main Page|caption]]<br />
[[File:cdstaslexis.png|caption]]<br />
This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.<br />
<br />
<br />
==== The Original CDS and TAS Cohorts ====<br />
<br />
The Child Development Supplement began in 1997 (dark blue bars) as a cohort study. Children born between 1984 and 1997 who were between 0 and 12 years old in 1997 were eligible for CDS-I. Up to two age-eligible children per family were selected to participate. CDS-II revisited study participants in 2002-03, when they were between 5 and 17 years old. In 2007, the third and final wave of the original cohort study was conducted with children who were between 10 and 17 years old.<br />
<br />
The oldest members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2003 and were ineligible for CDS-III. Instead, they were included in the earliest waves of the Transition into Adulthood Supplement.<br />
<br />
The biennial Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS, green bars) began in 2005 to follow CDS participants as they entered adulthood. The first wave included 745 participants who were between 18 and 20 years old. Each subsequent wave included interviews with previous respondents and added CDS participants who had entered adulthood in the preceding two years. By 2013, TAS included respondents who were between 18 and 28 years old.<br />
<br />
Year of birth determines the waves in which a youth in the original CDS cohort was observed in in CDS or TAS. In the grid, cells marked with an asterisk (*) plot the course of a child born in 1996 who was observed at age 1 year in the first wave of CDS in 1997 (CDS-I), at age 6 years in CDS-II (2002), and at age 11 years in CDS-III (2007). The child was first eligible to appear in TAS in 2015 at age 19 years.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS and TAS ====<br />
<br />
All members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2014. In that year, children in active PSID families who were born since 1997 were invited to participate in a new, ongoing CDS (lighter blue bar). Unlike the original CDS cohort, which included up to two children age 0-12 years per family, the new, ongoing CDS included all children age 0-17 years (N=4,333).<br />
<br />
Under the new CDS design, children 17 years and younger and their families will be invited to participate in a CDS interview about every 5 years. Sample children who have been born or moved into a CDS family since the last wave of CDS will be eligible to participate. This approach was used for the first time in CDS in 2019 (data not yet in public release).<br />
<br />
Since 2017, TAS has also adopted a more expansive, steady-state design. The biennial TAS interview now includes all eligible young adults age 18-28 years in active PSID families regardless of whether they had ever participated in CDS. This expansion adds young adults who were eligible for but not selected for the original CDS cohort; whose families declined to participate in the original or ongoing CDS studies; or who entered PSID after 1997, including young adults whose families joined through the 2017 immigrant refresher. (Young adults in the latter group are observed in TAS for the first time in 2019.)<br />
<br />
=== Studying primary caregivers of children ===<br />
<br />
The primary caregiver is the adult who has primary responsibility for caring for CDS children, usually a parent or other relative. At each wave of CDS, primary caregivers provide information about themselves, their household, and each participating child. The CDS-TAS data center supports data downloads to study the primary caregiver as a unit of analysis.<br />
<br />
In some families, children in the original CDS cohort are now primary caregivers to children in the new, ongoing CDS. This feature of the multi-cohort design of CDS offers a unique opportunity to follow today’s parents and caregivers prospectively from childhood.</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Study_Design&diff=188Study Design2021-01-25T21:37:29Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>===Child Development Supplement (CDS)===<br />
<br />
====Original CDS (CDS I-III, 1997-2007)====<br />
<br />
CDS began in 1997 with 3,653 children aged 0 to 12 years. Up to two children were randomly sampled from eligible families, enabling sibling comparisons. Children under 18 years and their caregivers were re-interviewed in up to two additional waves in 2002 (CDS-II) and 2007 (CDS-III).<br />
<br />
At each wave, primary caregivers of children (usually a parent or other relative) and older children themselves provided detailed information about children’s well-being and development in their family, school, and neighborhood context. See the text box below for topics and domains covered in CDS interviews and assessments.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS ====<br />
<br />
CDS has transitioned from a cohort design to an ongoing panel design. Since 2014, CDS has collected information every five years about all eligible minor children in PSID. The ongoing CDS includes children from a previous wave and those who have been born or moved into an eligible family since the last wave.<br />
<br />
The 2014 Child Development Supplement (N=4,333) was the first wave collected under this new design and gathered information on PSID children born between 1997 and 2013 (age 1-17 years at interview). CDS-2014 creates new opportunities to investigate issues of research and policy relevance concerning today’s children as well as to compare their outcomes and circumstances to those of the preceding generation of children in CDS I-III.<br />
<br />
The 2019 Child Development Supplement will be the next available wave in this steady-state design. It will include information on all children age 0-17 years, including children who were born since 2014 or who were recently added to PSID as part of the new immigrant refresher sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the CDS Interview</u><br />
* Interviews with caregivers and older children<br />
* Caregiver and child standardized assessments of achievement<br />
* Child time diaries for one weekday and one weekend day<br />
* Height, weight, and body mass index for children and caregivers<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and school identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Repeated observations over up to three waves covering entire childhood<br />
· Forthcoming from CDS-2014: Genomic data and polygenic risk scores for children age 5-17 and primary caregivers<br />
<br />
===Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS)===<br />
<br />
Since 2005, TAS has collected information on transitions in schooling, work, and family formation during early adulthood and about young adults’ expectations, attitudes, health, and psychosocial well-being. See the text box below for a list of topics covered in the TAS interview.<br />
<br />
Through 2015, the TAS sample followed children from CDS-I as they transitioned into young adulthood through age 28. Since 2017, TAS includes all eligible young adults aged 18-28 years living in PSID households regardless of prior CDS or Main PSID participation.<br />
<br />
Together, the study design of CDS and TAS enables longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cohort-comparative analysis of child and young adult development and well-being in an ongoing, nationally-representative US sample.<br />
<br />
<u>Contents of the TAS Interview</u><br />
* Biennial interviews with young adults for up to five waves<br />
* Content includes education, employment, relationships, attitudes, health, and health behaviors<br />
* Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and college identifiers (restricted-use)<br />
* Linkable to extensive data on childhood circumstances from CDS and Main PSID<br />
* TAS respondents continue to be followed after age 28 through the Main PSID<br />
<br />
===Embedded in the World’s Longest-running Household Panel Study===<br />
<br />
CDS and TAS are embedded in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the world’s longest-running nationally representative household panel survey. With over 50 years of information collected from the same families and their descendants, PSID is a cornerstone of the US data infrastructure for empirically based social science research.<br />
<br />
Annually between 1968 and 1997 and biennially since then, PSID has collected data on individuals and families that emphasize the dynamic and interactive aspects of family economics, demography, and health. When paired with CDS and TAS, the design and content of PSID enable research on the intergenerational influence of family on child and young adult outcomes and on how childhood and young adulthood shape later health and well-being.<br />
<br />
When young adults establish their own households, they become eligible to participate in the biennial PSID interview. Young adults who set up their own households are eligible for both TAS and PSID until age 28.<br />
<br />
Note that children and young adults are only observed in CDS or TAS in a given wave if their family participated in the immediately prior wave of the PSID interview.<br />
<br />
===Following individuals over time in CDS, TAS, and PSID===<br />
<br />
The young people included in CDS and TAS are descendants of sample members from the earliest wave of PSID in 1968 or sample members from PSID's immigrant refresher in 1997 or 2017. When CDS and TAS respondents reach adulthood and establish their own households, they are eligible to become PSID participants themselves. Over time, CDS, TAS, and PSID have the potential to cover the life course of individuals from early childhood through late adulthood.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:CDS-TAS-Lexis.pdf|link=Main Page|caption]]<br />
[[File:CDS-TAS-Lexis.png|caption]]<br />
This grid describes the age range for eligible children or young adults in each wave of CDS and TAS and the years in which each wave of data collection occurred.<br />
<br />
<br />
==== The Original CDS and TAS Cohorts ====<br />
<br />
The Child Development Supplement began in 1997 (dark blue bars) as a cohort study. Children born between 1984 and 1997 who were between 0 and 12 years old in 1997 were eligible for CDS-I. Up to two age-eligible children per family were selected to participate. CDS-II revisited study participants in 2002-03, when they were between 5 and 17 years old. In 2007, the third and final wave of the original cohort study was conducted with children who were between 10 and 17 years old.<br />
<br />
The oldest members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2003 and were ineligible for CDS-III. Instead, they were included in the earliest waves of the Transition into Adulthood Supplement.<br />
<br />
The biennial Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS, green bars) began in 2005 to follow CDS participants as they entered adulthood. The first wave included 745 participants who were between 18 and 20 years old. Each subsequent wave included interviews with previous respondents and added CDS participants who had entered adulthood in the preceding two years. By 2013, TAS included respondents who were between 18 and 28 years old.<br />
<br />
Year of birth determines the waves in which a youth in the original CDS cohort was observed in in CDS or TAS. In the grid, cells marked with an asterisk (*) plot the course of a child born in 1996 who was observed at age 1 year in the first wave of CDS in 1997 (CDS-I), at age 6 years in CDS-II (2002), and at age 11 years in CDS-III (2007). The child was first eligible to appear in TAS in 2015 at age 19 years.<br />
<br />
==== Ongoing CDS and TAS ====<br />
<br />
All members of the original CDS cohort had entered adulthood by 2014. In that year, children in active PSID families who were born since 1997 were invited to participate in a new, ongoing CDS (lighter blue bar). Unlike the original CDS cohort, which included up to two children age 0-12 years per family, the new, ongoing CDS included all children age 0-17 years (N=4,333).<br />
<br />
Under the new CDS design, children 17 years and younger and their families will be invited to participate in a CDS interview about every 5 years. Sample children who have been born or moved into a CDS family since the last wave of CDS will be eligible to participate. This approach was used for the first time in CDS in 2019 (data not yet in public release).<br />
<br />
Since 2017, TAS has also adopted a more expansive, steady-state design. The biennial TAS interview now includes all eligible young adults age 18-28 years in active PSID families regardless of whether they had ever participated in CDS. This expansion adds young adults who were eligible for but not selected for the original CDS cohort; whose families declined to participate in the original or ongoing CDS studies; or who entered PSID after 1997, including young adults whose families joined through the 2017 immigrant refresher. (Young adults in the latter group are observed in TAS for the first time in 2019.)<br />
<br />
=== Studying primary caregivers of children ===<br />
<br />
The primary caregiver is the adult who has primary responsibility for caring for CDS children, usually a parent or other relative. At each wave of CDS, primary caregivers provide information about themselves, their household, and each participating child. The CDS-TAS data center supports data downloads to study the primary caregiver as a unit of analysis.<br />
<br />
In some families, children in the original CDS cohort are now primary caregivers to children in the new, ongoing CDS. This feature of the multi-cohort design of CDS offers a unique opportunity to follow today’s parents and caregivers prospectively from childhood.</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=135Main Page2021-01-07T15:30:11Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to PSIDwiki!<br />
<br />
This wiki page is intended for users of Child Development Supplement (CDS), an ongoing supplement of Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The scope of the wiki page will includes all aspects of CDS, and information on PSID that are relevant for CDS users. For comprehensive documentation on PSID, please visit https://psidonline.isr.umich.edu.<br />
<br />
<br />
== New to CDS? ==<br />
<br />
Child Development Supplement (CDS) was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of childhood within the children's family and neighborhood context. It is embedded within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal study of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. CDS collects rich information on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity. Watch a video on CDS here: https://youtu.be/rPrrnWRnbJY<br />
<br />
== Original CDS == <br />
<br />
The CDS I-III (original CDS) began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families. Up to two children aged 0-12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews are conducted with the children's primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children's mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most case, this means that the child's father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. PSID conducted the second round of data collection in 2002/2003 and the third round data collection in 2007/2008.<br />
<br />
== Ongoing CDS ==<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The on-going CDS builds on the strengths of PSID as a genealogical study of U.S. families to continue collecting information on all PSID children aged 0-17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all children in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. <br />
<br />
These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children's characteristics and contemporaneous family decision-making and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the futures as part of the ongoing Core PSID. Watch a video tutorial to become familiar with the design and content of CDS-2014: https://youtu.be/7NQY1w35pnQ or read on to learn more about [[THE CDS-2014 SAMPLE]], [[THE CDS-2014 QUESTIONNAIRE]], and [[THE CDS-2014 DATA FILE STRUCTURE]].<br />
<br />
== Acknowledgements ==<br />
<br />
The collection of data used in this study was supported by the ''Eunice Kennedy Shriver'' National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under grant number R01HD052646. [[Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
“Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement 2014: User Guide,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017. [[Suggested Citation]]<br />
<br />
== This is a work in progress, the CDS team is constantly updating to make the data as easily accessible as possible. ==<br />
<br />
[[Final Data Release File Updates]]<br />
<br />
See the [[Sample Page]] for tips on how to fill it with organized CDS information and make it available to users!<br />
<br />
CDS wiki is based on CDS-2014 [[User Guide]], see [[Help: Content]].</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=134Main Page2021-01-07T15:29:55Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to PSIDwiki!<br />
<br />
This wiki page is intended for users of Child Development Supplement (CDS), an ongoing supplement of Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The scope of the wiki page will includes all aspects of CDS, and information on PSID that are relevant for CDS users. For comprehensive documentation on PSID, please visit https://psidonline.isr.umich.edu.<br />
<br />
'''test''' <br />
<br />
== New to CDS? ==<br />
<br />
Child Development Supplement (CDS) was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of childhood within the children's family and neighborhood context. It is embedded within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal study of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. CDS collects rich information on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity. Watch a video on CDS here: https://youtu.be/rPrrnWRnbJY<br />
<br />
== Original CDS == <br />
<br />
The CDS I-III (original CDS) began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families. Up to two children aged 0-12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews are conducted with the children's primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children's mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most case, this means that the child's father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. PSID conducted the second round of data collection in 2002/2003 and the third round data collection in 2007/2008.<br />
<br />
== Ongoing CDS ==<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The on-going CDS builds on the strengths of PSID as a genealogical study of U.S. families to continue collecting information on all PSID children aged 0-17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all children in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. <br />
<br />
These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children's characteristics and contemporaneous family decision-making and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the futures as part of the ongoing Core PSID. Watch a video tutorial to become familiar with the design and content of CDS-2014: https://youtu.be/7NQY1w35pnQ or read on to learn more about [[THE CDS-2014 SAMPLE]], [[THE CDS-2014 QUESTIONNAIRE]], and [[THE CDS-2014 DATA FILE STRUCTURE]].<br />
<br />
== Acknowledgements ==<br />
<br />
The collection of data used in this study was supported by the ''Eunice Kennedy Shriver'' National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under grant number R01HD052646. [[Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
“Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement 2014: User Guide,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017. [[Suggested Citation]]<br />
<br />
== This is a work in progress, the CDS team is constantly updating to make the data as easily accessible as possible. ==<br />
<br />
[[Final Data Release File Updates]]<br />
<br />
See the [[Sample Page]] for tips on how to fill it with organized CDS information and make it available to users!<br />
<br />
CDS wiki is based on CDS-2014 [[User Guide]], see [[Help: Content]].</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=131Main Page2021-01-06T20:01:59Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to PSIDwiki!<br />
<br />
This wiki page is intended for users of Child Development Supplement (CDS), an ongoing supplement of Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The scope of the wiki page will includes all aspects of CDS, and information on PSID that are relevant for CDS users. For comprehensive documentation on PSID, please visit [[psidonline.isr.umich.edu]] <br />
<br />
== New to CDS? ==<br />
<br />
Child Development Supplement (CDS) was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of childhood within the children's family and neighborhood context. It is embedded within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal study of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. CDS collects rich information on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity. Watch a video on CDS here: https://youtu.be/rPrrnWRnbJY<br />
<br />
== Original CDS == <br />
<br />
The CDS I-III (original CDS) began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families. Up to two children aged 0-12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews are conducted with the children's primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children's mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most case, this means that the child's father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. PSID conducted the second round of data collection in 2002/2003 and the third round data collection in 2007/2008.<br />
<br />
== Ongoing CDS ==<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The on-going CDS builds on the strengths of PSID as a genealogical study of U.S. families to continue collecting information on all PSID children aged 0-17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all chidren in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. <br />
<br />
These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children's characteristics and contemporaneous family decision-making and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the futures as part of the ongoing Core PSID. Watch a video tutorial to become familiar with the design and content of CDS-2014: https://youtu.be/7NQY1w35pnQ or read on to learn more about [[THE CDS-2014 SAMPLE]], [[THE CDS-2014 QUESTIONNAIRE]], and [[THE CDS-2014 DATA FILE STRUCTURE]].<br />
<br />
== Acknowledgements ==<br />
<br />
The collection of data used in this study was supported by the ''Eunice Kennedy Shriver'' National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under grant number R01HD052646. [[Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
“Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement 2014: User Guide,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017. [[Suggested Citation]]<br />
<br />
== This is a work in progress, the CDS team is constantly updating to make the data as easily accessible as possible. ==<br />
<br />
[[Final Data Release File Updates]]<br />
<br />
See the [[Sample Page]] for tips on how to fill it with organized CDS information and make it available to users!<br />
<br />
CDS wiki is based on CDS-2014 [[User Guide]], see [[Help: Content]].</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=130Main Page2021-01-06T20:01:06Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to PSIDwiki!<br />
<br />
This wiki page is intended for users of Child Development Supplement (CDS), an ongoing supplement of Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The scope of the wiki page will includes all aspects of CDS, and information on PSID that are relevant for CDS users. For comprehensive documentation on PSID, please visit [[psidonline.isr.umich.edu]] <br />
<br />
== New to CDS? ==<br />
<br />
Child Development Supplement (CDS) was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of childhood within the children's family and neighborhood context. It is embedded within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal study of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. CDS collects rich information on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity. Watch a video on CDS here: https://youtu.be/rPrrnWRnbJY<br />
<br />
== Original CDS == <br />
<br />
The CDS I-III (original CDS) began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families. Up to two children aged 0-12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews are conducted with the children's primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children's mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most case, this means that the child's father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. PSID conducted the second round of data collection in 2002/2003 and the third round data collection in 2007/2008.<br />
<br />
== Ongoing CDS ==<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The on-going CDS builds on the strengths of PSID as a genealogical study of U.S. families to continue collecting information on all PSID children aged 0-17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all chidren in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. <br />
<br />
These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children's characteristics and contemporaneous family decision-making and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the futures as part of the ongoing Core PSID. Watch a video tutorial to become familiar with the design and content of CDS-2014: https://youtu.be/7NQY1w35pnQ or read on to learn more about [[THE CDS-2014 SAMPLE]], [[THE CDS-2014 QUESTIONNAIRE]], and [[THE CDS-2014 DATA FILE STRUCTURE]].<br />
<br />
== Acknowledgements ==<br />
<br />
The collection of data used in this study was supported by the ''Eunice Kennedy Shriver'' National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under grant number R01HD052646. [[Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
“Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement 2014: User Guide,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017. [[Suggested Citation]]<br />
<br />
== This is a work in progress, the CDS team is constantly updating to make the data as easily accessible as possible. ==<br />
<br />
[[TEST]]<br />
<br />
[[Final Data Release File Updates]]<br />
<br />
See the [[Sample Page]] for tips on how to fill it with organized CDS information and make it available to users!<br />
<br />
CDS wiki is based on CDS-2014 [[User Guide]], see [[Help: Content]].</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=129Main Page2021-01-06T19:30:45Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to PSIDwiki!<br />
<br />
This wiki page is intended for users of Child Development Supplement (CDS), an ongoing supplement of Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The scope of the wiki page will includes all aspects of CDS, and information on PSID that are relevant for CDS users. For comprehensive documentation on PSID, please visit [[psidonline.isr.umich.edu]] <br />
<br />
== New to CDS? ==<br />
<br />
Child Development Supplement (CDS) was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of childhood within the children's family and neighborhood context. It is embedded within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal study of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. CDS collects rich information on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity. Watch a video on CDS here: https://youtu.be/rPrrnWRnbJY<br />
<br />
== Original CDS == <br />
<br />
The CDS I-III (original CDS) began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families. Up to two children aged 0-12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews are conducted with the children's primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children's mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most case, this means that the child's father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. PSID conducted the second round of data collection in 2002/2003 and the third round data collection in 2007/2008.<br />
<br />
== Ongoing CDS ==<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The on-going CDS builds on the strengths of PSID as a genealogical study of U.S. families to continue collecting information on all PSID children aged 0-17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all chidren in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. <br />
<br />
These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children's characteristics and contemporaneous family decision-making and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the futures as part of the ongoing Core PSID. Watch a video tutorial to become familiar with the design and content of CDS-2014: https://youtu.be/7NQY1w35pnQ or read on to learn more about [[THE CDS-2014 SAMPLE]], [[THE CDS-2014 QUESTIONNAIRE]], and [[THE CDS-2014 DATA FILE STRUCTURE]].<br />
<br />
== Acknowledgements ==<br />
<br />
The collection of data used in this study was supported by the ''Eunice Kennedy Shriver'' National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under grant number R01HD052646. [[Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
“Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement 2014: User Guide,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017. [[Suggested Citation]]<br />
<br />
== This is a work in progress, the CDS team is constantly updating to make the data as easily accessible as possible. ==<br />
<br />
[[Final Data Release File Updates]]<br />
<br />
See the [[Sample Page]] for tips on how to fill it with organized CDS information and make it available to users!<br />
<br />
CDS wiki is based on CDS-2014 [[User Guide]], see [[Help: Content]].</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=128Main Page2021-01-06T19:29:56Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to PSIDwiki!<br />
<br />
This wiki page is intended for users of Child Development Supplement (CDS), an ongoing supplement of Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The scope of the wiki page will includes all aspects of CDS, and information on PSID that are relevant for CDS users. For comprehensive documentation on PSID, please visit [[psidonline.isr.umich.edu]] <br />
<br />
== New to CDS? ==<br />
<br />
Child Development Supplement (CDS) was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of childhood within the children's family and neighborhood context. It is embedded within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal study of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. CDS collects rich information on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity. Watch a video on CDS here: [https://youtu.be/rPrrnWRnbJY]<br />
<br />
== Original CDS == <br />
<br />
The CDS I-III (original CDS) began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families. Up to two children aged 0-12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews are conducted with the children's primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children's mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most case, this means that the child's father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. PSID conducted the second round of data collection in 2002/2003 and the third round data collection in 2007/2008.<br />
<br />
== Ongoing CDS ==<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The on-going CDS builds on the strengths of PSID as a genealogical study of U.S. families to continue collecting information on all PSID children aged 0-17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all chidren in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. <br />
<br />
These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children's characteristics and contemporaneous family decision-making and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the futures as part of the ongoing Core PSID. Watch a video tutorial to become familiar with the design and content of CDS-2014: https://youtu.be/7NQY1w35pnQ or read on to learn more about [[THE CDS-2014 SAMPLE]], [[THE CDS-2014 QUESTIONNAIRE]], and [[THE CDS-2014 DATA FILE STRUCTURE]].<br />
<br />
== Acknowledgements ==<br />
<br />
The collection of data used in this study was supported by the ''Eunice Kennedy Shriver'' National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under grant number R01HD052646. [[Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
“Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement 2014: User Guide,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017. [[Suggested Citation]]<br />
<br />
== This is a work in progress, the CDS team is constantly updating to make the data as easily accessible as possible. ==<br />
<br />
[[Final Data Release File Updates]]<br />
<br />
See the [[Sample Page]] for tips on how to fill it with organized CDS information and make it available to users!<br />
<br />
CDS wiki is based on CDS-2014 [[User Guide]], see [[Help: Content]].</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=127Main Page2021-01-06T19:27:38Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>Welcome to PSIDwiki!<br />
<br />
This wiki page is intended for users of Child Development Supplement (CDS), an ongoing supplement of Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The scope of the wiki page will includes all aspects of CDS, and information on PSID that are relevant for CDS users. For comprehensive documentation on PSID, please visit [[psidonline.isr.umich.edu]] <br />
<br />
== New to CDS? ==<br />
<br />
Child Development Supplement (CDS) was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of childhood within the children's family and neighborhood context. It is embedded within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal study of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. CDS collects rich information on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity. Watch a video on CDS here: https://youtu.be/rPrrnWRnbJY<br />
<br />
== Original CDS == <br />
<br />
The CDS I-III (original CDS) began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families. Up to two children aged 0-12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews are conducted with the children's primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children's mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most case, this means that the child's father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. PSID conducted the second round of data collection in 2002/2003 and the third round data collection in 2007/2008.<br />
<br />
== Ongoing CDS ==<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The on-going CDS builds on the strengths of PSID as a genealogical study of U.S. families to continue collecting information on all PSID children aged 0-17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all chidren in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. <br />
<br />
These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children's characteristics and contemporaneous family decision-making and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the futures as part of the ongoing Core PSID. Watch a video tutorial to become familiar with the design and content of CDS-2014: https://youtu.be/7NQY1w35pnQ or read on to learn more about [[THE CDS-2014 SAMPLE]], [[THE CDS-2014 QUESTIONNAIRE]], and [[THE CDS-2014 DATA FILE STRUCTURE]].<br />
<br />
== Acknowledgements ==<br />
<br />
The collection of data used in this study was supported by the ''Eunice Kennedy Shriver'' National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under grant number R01HD052646. [[Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
“Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement 2014: User Guide,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017. [[Suggested Citation]]<br />
<br />
== This is a work in progress, the CDS team is constantly updating to make the data as easily accessible as possible. ==<br />
<br />
[[Final Data Release File Updates]]<br />
<br />
See the [[Sample Page]] for tips on how to fill it with organized CDS information and make it available to users!<br />
<br />
CDS wiki is based on CDS-2014 [[User Guide]], see [[Help: Content]].</div>Pfombyhttps://psidwiki.isr.umich.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=126Main Page2021-01-06T19:27:24Z<p>Pfomby: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Welcome to PSIDwiki!<br />
'''<br />
This wiki page is intended for users of Child Development Supplement (CDS), an ongoing supplement of Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The scope of the wiki page will includes all aspects of CDS, and information on PSID that are relevant for CDS users. For comprehensive documentation on PSID, please visit [[psidonline.isr.umich.edu]] <br />
<br />
== New to CDS? ==<br />
<br />
Child Development Supplement (CDS) was launched with the goal of improving the understanding of childhood within the children's family and neighborhood context. It is embedded within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a longitudinal study of a nationally-representative sample of U.S. families that began in 1968. CDS collects rich information on psychological and social wellbeing, health status and behavior, family environment, education, child care, time use, sibling relationships, caregiver social and psychological resources, absent parents, future work and schooling expectations, and religiosity. Watch a video on CDS here: https://youtu.be/rPrrnWRnbJY<br />
<br />
== Original CDS == <br />
<br />
The CDS I-III (original CDS) began in 1997 with a cohort of 3,563 children from 2,394 families. Up to two children aged 0-12 years were randomly selected in each family and interviews are conducted with the children's primary caregivers (PCGs; usually the children's mother). Eligible CDS participants were descended by blood or adoption from the original 1968 PSID lineage or the 1997 PSID immigrant refresher sample. In most case, this means that the child's father or mother is the child or grandchild of an original 1968 PSID respondent. PSID conducted the second round of data collection in 2002/2003 and the third round data collection in 2007/2008.<br />
<br />
== Ongoing CDS ==<br />
<br />
By 2014, all of the children in the original 1997 CDS cohort had reached adulthood, and a new generation of children had replaced them in PSID families. The on-going CDS builds on the strengths of PSID as a genealogical study of U.S. families to continue collecting information on all PSID children aged 0-17 years in this new generation, and to shift the orientation of CDS from a study of a single cohort to a study obtaining information on the childhood experiences of all chidren in PSID families in 2014 and at planned five-year intervals that will support research based on multiple cohorts of PSID children. <br />
<br />
These new data will allow studies of health, development, and well-being in childhood; the relationship between children's characteristics and contemporaneous family decision-making and behavior; and the effects of childhood factors on subsequent social, demographic, economic, and health outcomes over the entire life course for these individuals as they are followed into the futures as part of the ongoing Core PSID. Watch a video tutorial to become familiar with the design and content of CDS-2014: https://youtu.be/7NQY1w35pnQ or read on to learn more about [[THE CDS-2014 SAMPLE]], [[THE CDS-2014 QUESTIONNAIRE]], and [[THE CDS-2014 DATA FILE STRUCTURE]].<br />
<br />
== Acknowledgements ==<br />
<br />
The collection of data used in this study was supported by the ''Eunice Kennedy Shriver'' National Institute of Child Health and Human Development under grant number R01HD052646. [[Acknowledgements]]<br />
<br />
“Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Child Development Supplement 2014: User Guide,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2017. [[Suggested Citation]]<br />
<br />
== This is a work in progress, the CDS team is constantly updating to make the data as easily accessible as possible. ==<br />
<br />
[[Final Data Release File Updates]]<br />
<br />
See the [[Sample Page]] for tips on how to fill it with organized CDS information and make it available to users!<br />
<br />
CDS wiki is based on CDS-2014 [[User Guide]], see [[Help: Content]].</div>Pfomby