Study Design

Child Development Supplement (CDS)

Original CDS (CDS I-III, 1997-2007)

CDS began in 1997 with 3,653 children aged 0 to 12 years. Up to two children were randomly sampled from eligible families, enabling sibling comparisons. Children under 18 years and their caregivers were re-interviewed in up to two additional waves in 2002 (CDS-II) and 2007 (CDS-III).

At each wave, primary caregivers of children (usually a parent or other relative) and older children themselves provided detailed information about children’s well-being and development in their family, school, and neighborhood context. See the text box below for topics and domains covered in CDS interviews and assessments.

Ongoing CDS

CDS has transitioned from a cohort design to an ongoing panel design. Since 2014, CDS has collected information every five years about all eligible minor children in PSID. The ongoing CDS includes children from a previous wave and those who have been born or moved into an eligible family since the last wave.

The 2014 Child Development Supplement (N=4,333) was the first wave collected under this new design and gathered information on PSID children born between 1997 and 2013 (age 1-17 years at interview). CDS-2014 creates new opportunities to investigate issues of research and policy relevance concerning today’s children as well as to compare their outcomes and circumstances to those of the preceding generation of children in CDS I-III.

The 2019 Child Development Supplement will be the next available wave in this steady-state design. It will include information on all children age 0-17 years, including children who were born since 2014 or who were recently added to PSID as part of the new immigrant refresher sample.

Contents of the CDS Interview

• Interviews with caregivers and older children
• Caregiver and child standardized assessments of achievement
• Child time diaries for one weekday and one weekend day
• Height, weight, and body mass index for children and caregivers
• Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and school identifiers (restricted-use)
• Repeated observations over up to three waves covering entire childhood

· Forthcoming from CDS-2014: Genomic data and polygenic risk scores for children age 5-17 and primary caregivers

Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS)

Since 2005, TAS has collected information on transitions in schooling, work, and family formation during early adulthood and about young adults’ expectations, attitudes, health, and psychosocial well-being. See the text box below for a list of topics covered in the TAS interview.

Through 2015, the TAS sample followed children from CDS-I as they transitioned into young adulthood through age 28. Since 2017, TAS includes all eligible young adults aged 18-28 years living in PSID households regardless of prior CDS or Main PSID participation.

Together, the study design of CDS and TAS enables longitudinal, cross-sectional, and cohort-comparative analysis of child and young adult development and well-being in an ongoing, nationally-representative US sample.

Contents of the TAS Interview

• Biennial interviews with young adults for up to five waves
• Content includes education, employment, relationships, attitudes, health, and health behaviors
• Linkages to neighborhood geocodes and college identifiers (restricted-use)
• Linkable to extensive data on childhood circumstances from CDS and Main PSID
• TAS respondents continue to be followed after age 28 through the Main PSID